ENTOMOLOGY 2040 SECTION XVI SPECIAL TOPICS

A. Local Arthropod-Borne Diseases.

    1. Lyme disease.

        a. Nature of the disease.

        b. Historical perspective.

        c. Transmission and vectors.

        d. Geographical distribution.

        e. Populations at risk.

        f. Sources of disease.

        g. Reducing risk future.

    2. Rocky mountain spotted fever.

        a. Nature of the disease.

        b. Historical perspective.

        c. Sources of disease.

        d. Methods of transmission.

        e. Vectors.

        f. Distribution.

        g. Populations.

        h. Reducing risk.

        i. Future.

B. Sleeping Sickness. The Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis.

    1. Trypanosomes - flagellated protozoa. Most unimportant.

        a. Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense. blood parasites, vectored by Tsetse flies.

                (1) Sleeping Sickness.

        b. Trypanosoma brucei, by Tsetse flies causes, Nagana in cattle and horses.

    2. History. Known since 14th Century. Arab slave traders concerned.
        Early 1900's cause and vectors discovered.

    3. Distribution. Tropical Africa (only where Tsetse occurs). 4.5 million square miles.

    4. Importance. Less so before travel common.

        a. 1896-1906 500,000 deaths occurred.

        b. 1930-1946 500,000 cases reported (of 6,000,000 residents).

        c. Reports of 30-50% of population infected., Villages wiped out.

        d. Damage to livestock more important?

            (1) Essentially cannot raise cows or horses, etc., (only poultry) in the infected area.

            (2) No work animals.

            (3) No natural fertilizer.

            (4) No milk or meat from such animals.

    5. Nature of the disease.

        a. Gambian sleeping sickness - 2 stages.

            (1) Parasites reproduce in blood. Enlarged glands in neck, anemia, debility.

            (2) After several years, parasites enter cerebro-spinal fluid. Causes

                  languor, lack of appetite, emaciation, stupor, coma, death.

        b. Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

            (1) Much more rapid, death may occur without nerve degeneration.

            (2) Rapid death reduces reservoir.

    6. The Pathogen.

        a. Reproduce asexually, fission.

        b. Multiply in vector, require vectors in life cycle.

    7. The Vectors.

        a. Tsetse flies.

            (1) Medium size (like house flies).

            (2) 21 species (all vectors? not all equal).

            (3) Mouthparts point forward.

            (4) Both sexes blood feeding.

            (5) Larvae feed only inside female.

            (6) Ecology of species varies, no easy control.

            (7) Most important vectors seem to require woodland areas, water.

    8. Treatment and control.

        a. Three approaches to treatment.

            (1) Treat illness.

            (2) Attack vectors.

            (3) Resistant "varieties".

        b. Treatments--two kinds of drugs available.

            (1) One kills parasites in blood. Early treatment, quite effective.

            (2) Second for parasites in C.S. fluid--toxic, much care needed.

        c. Control vectors.

            (1) Insecticides.

            (2) Reduce habitat.

            (3) Resistant livestock (Nagana).

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A Field Guide to the Study of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Donald J. Borror and Richard E. White. 1970. Peterson Field Guide. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 404 p.

A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. White, Richard E. 1983. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, 368 p.

Destructive and Useful Insects: Their Habits and Control. Metcalf, Robert L. and Robert A. Metcalf. 1993. Fifth Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

The Hive and the Honey Bee. 1976. Various Authors. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IL.

Insect Appreciation Digest. T. Tom Turpin, The Entomology Foundation, Lanham, MD. 144 p.

Insects and other Pests Associated with Turf: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1982. J. R. Baker, Ed. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-268, 109 p.

Insects and other Pests of Man and Anmials: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1986. J. R. Baker, C. S. Apperson and J. J. Arands, Eds. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-389, 92 p.

Insects and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1994. J. R. Baker, Ed. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-136, 106 p.

Insects and Related Pests of Shrubs: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1993. R. Baker, Ed. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-189, 199 p.

Insects and Related Pests of Field Crops: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1982. T. N. Hunt and J. R. Baker, Eds. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-268, 214 p.

Insects and Related Pests of Vegetables: Some Important, Common and Potential Pests in the Southeastern United States. 1983. K. A. Sorenson and J. R. Baker, Eds. N. C. Ag. Ext. Pub. AG-295, 173 p.

Eastern Moths: 1984. Charles V. Covell, Jr. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin. 496 p.

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