RSY541 Extension Programs and Methods

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Joseph J. Molnar

301 Comer Hall

Office hours: Monday-Friday 8:30-4:30

334-844-5615/FAX 5639 JMOLNAR@ACESAG.AUBURN.EDU

TEXTS: Van den Ban, A. W. and E. Hawkins. 1991. Agricultural Extension. New York: Longman.

Readings for RSY541 Purchase from Sofi Copy.

OBJECTIVES

To understand selected theoretical perspectives of applied social change

To become familiar with the fundamental principles and models of extension science

To develop a comparative perspective on extension and technology transfer in an international context

SCHEDULE: 2-4:30MW 204 Comer Hall

EXAMINATIONS: Midterm and final

GRADE: Paper and examinations each account for one third

RESEARCH PAPER: Each participant will present a paper that identifies some significant problem in the application, design or execution of extension methodology. Students are encouraged to focus on a problem of personal concern, experience, or interest. The paper should integrate course materials and the relevant literature in an analysis of change agent roles, program strategies, and approaches.

Your paper might analyze and review the structure, content, procedures, and evaluation methodology of a domestic U.S. extension program or of an extension program in another nation. Attention should be given to roles and responsibilities within the organization and the course of typical client's participation in the program.

International students may wish to present an overview and analysis of extension programming in their home country. The review should include a fairly complete description, but could focus on extension activity in a substantive area such as home economics, agriculture, or aquaculture. The paper should integrate course materials and the current literature to critique the existing system, and to suggest points of intervention or improvement. Thus your analysis should be descriptive, evaluative, and prescriptive.

Use the attached style sheet for citation and bibliographic format. A one page tentative outline of the paper is due Thursday, the third week of class.

A 10 to 20 page typed paper is due Thursday, the eighth week of class. Spelling, grammar, and use of appropriate reference format do influence the grade.

No incompletes will be given.

READINGS

Week 1 How it All Began

Lecture 1. "Extension: An American Idea with European Origins"

"How It All Began" - slideset

AEV1 - Chapter 1 "Importance and Role of Extension in

Developing Countries"

AEV1 - Chapter 2 "Approaches to Extension"

USDA, "Historical Overview

Roling pp. 36-62 "The Logic of Extension"

Lecture 2. "Basic Concepts of Extension"

AEV1 - Chapter 3 "Basic Concepts of Extension"

Bohlen "Adoption and Diffusion of Ideas in Agriculture"

Week 2 - Organization and Context

Lecture 3. "Basic Concepts of Extension" [continued]

AEV1 - Chapter 3 "Basic Concepts of Extension"

AEV1 - Chapter 4 "Experience of Extension Projects"

Roling, pp. 63-117 "Diffusion and the Use of Target

Categories in Extension"

Lecture 4. "Institutional Arrangements for Extension"

"Land of P" - slideset

AEV1 - Chapter 8 "Organization and Management in Extension"

Week 3 - Extension Methods

Lecture 5. "Extension Methods"

AEV1 - Chapter 5 "Extension Methods"

Sanders, "Visits, Demonstrations, and Meetings"

Lecture 6. "Participation as an Extension Objective"

AEV1 - Chapter 6 "Situation Analysis"

AEV2 - Chapter A4 to A8

- PAPER OUTLINES DUE -

Week 4 - The Change Agent

Lecture 7. "The Change Agent"

"Superagent" - slideset AEV1 - Chapter 7 "Planning Extension Work"

AEV1 - Chapter 9 "Basic and Advanced Training of Advisors"

Zaltman and Duncan, "The Change Agent"

Lippett and Lippett, "Multiple Roles of the Consultant"

Rogers, pp. 312-346 "The Change Agent"

Lecture 8. "The Change Agent" [continued]

- MIDTERM EXAMINATION -

Week 5 - Extension Paradigms

Lecture 9. "Training and Visit Extension"

AEV2 - Chapter A9

Benor and Baxter, "Training and Visit Extension"

Rogers, pp. 271-312 "Opinion Leadership"

Lecture 10. "Farming Systems Research"

AEV2 - Chapter A10

Simmonds, "Farming Systems Research: A Review"

Week 5 - U.S. Cooperative Extension Program Areas"

Lecture 11. "Agriculture and Natural Resource Management"

USDA, "Agriculture and Natural Resources"

Sanders, "Direct Mail and Tours"

Lecture 12. "Home Economics"

USDA, "Home Economics"

Week 6 - U.S. Cooperative Extension Program Areas"

Lecture 13. "4-H and Youth"

USDA "4-H and Youth Programs"

Lecture 14. "Community Resource Development"

"Conflict Management" - slideset

USDA, "Community Development"

Chin and Benne "General Strategies for Effecting Change

in Human Systems."

Week 7 - Communication in Extension

Lecture 15. "Problems of Communication"

AEV2 - Chapter C1 to C4

"Group Maintenance" - slideset

Lecture 16. "Evaluation of Extension"

AEV1 - Chapter 10 "Evaluation of Agricultural Extension"

ESCC-575, "Analyzing Impacts of Extension Programs"

- PAPERS DUE -

Week 9 Information Systems

Lecture 17. "The Future of Extension"

AEV2 - Chapter C8

Roling - pp. 179-215 "Agricultural Information Systems"

OTA, "U.S. Food and Agricultural Research System"

Feller, "Technology Transfer, Public Policy,

and the Cooperative Extension Service - OMB Imbroglio"

Lecture 18. "Class Presentations"

Week 10 - Class presentations

Lecture 19. "Class Presentations"

FINAL EXAMINATION

Return to Courses.

SELECTED REFERENCES FOR RSY 541

Albrecht, H., H. Bergmann, G. Diederich, E. Grosser, V. Hoffman, P. Keller, G. Payr, R. Sulzer. 1990a. Agricultural Extension -- Volume 1: Basic Concepts and Methods. Eschborn, Germany: Verlagsgesellschaft mbH fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)

Albrecht, H., H. Bergmann, G. Diederich, E. Grosser, V. Hoffman, P. Keller, G. Payr, R. Sulzer. 1990. Agricultural Extension -- Volume 2: Examples and Background Material . Eschborn, Germany: Verlagsgesellschaft mbH fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)

Beale, G.M. 1964 "Social action: instigated social change in large social systems." Chapter 7 in J. Copp (ed.), Our Changing Rural Society: Perspectives and Trends. Ames: Iowa State Press.

Bennett, C.F. 1979. Analyzing Impacts of Extension Programs. Washington, D.C.: USDA-SEA-ESC- 575.

Benor, D. and J.Q. Harrison. 1977. Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Benor, D. and M. Baxter. 1984. Training and Visit Extension. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Benor, D., J.Q. Harrison, and M. Baxter. 1984. Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System. Washington: World Bank.

Blackburn, D.J. (ed.). 1984. Extension Handbook. Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph. LC5215.E88.

Binswarger, H.P. and V.W. Ruttan. 1978. Induced Innovation Technology, Institutions, and Development. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bohlen, J.M. 1964. "The adoption and diffusion of ideas in agriculture." Chapter 8 in J. Copp (ed.), Our Changing Rural Society: Perspectives and Trends. Ames: Iowa State Press.

Brown, L.A. 1981. Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective.
New York: Methuen.

Cernea, M. and B.J. Tepping. 1977. A System for Monitoring and Evaluating Agricultural Extension Projects. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 272. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Chambers, R., A. Pacey, and L. Thrupp (eds). 1989. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

Chin, R. and K.D. Benne. 1976. "General strategies for effecting change in human systems." Chapter 1.2 in W.G. Bennis, K.D. Bennis, R. Chin and K.E. Corey (eds.), The Planning of Change. New York: Holt.

Christenson, J.A. and P.D. Warner. 1982. "An assessment model for the cooperative extension service." Rural Sociology 47(2):369-90.

Crouch, B.C. and S. Chamala. 1981. Extension Education and Rural Development. Volume I. International Experience in Communication and Innovation. New York: John Wiley. HN 980.E97.

Cross, K.P. 1981. Adults as Learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. LC 5219.C744.
Crowfoot, J.E. and M.A. Chesler. 1974. "Contemporary perspectives on planned change." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 10 (July):278-303.

Downs, G.W. and L.B. Mohr. 1979. "Toward a theory of innovation." Administration and Society 10 (February):379-408.

Evenson, R.E., P.E. Waggoner and V.W. Ruttan. 1979. "Economic benefits from research: an example from agriculture." Science 334 (September):1101-1107.

FAO. 1985. The Management of Agricultural Schools and Colleges:
A Manual for Practical Use. Rome: UN-FAO. S 533.M29.

Gibbons, M.J. and R. Schroeder.1983. Agricultural Extension. Washington: U.S. Peace Crops, Office of Training and Program Support.

Gilbert, E.H., D.W. Norman and F.E. Winch.1980. Farming Systems Research: A Critical Appraisal. MSU Rural Development Paper No. 6. East Lansing: Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University.

Glaser, Edward M., H. H. Abelson, Katharine N. Garrison.
1983. Putting Knowledge to Use. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Gross, J.G. 1977. Evaluation Planner for Extension. Washington, D.C.: USDA-SEA-ESC-585.

Guttman, J.M. 1980. "Villages as interest groups: the demand for agricultural extension services in India." Kyklos 33:122-141.

Hopson, B. and M. Scally. 1981. Lifeskills Teaching: New York: McGraw-Hill. BF 637.S4 H66.

Jarvis, P. 1987. Adult Learning in the Social Context. New York: Methuen/ Croom Helm.

Jones, G.E. (ed.). 1986. Investing in Rural Extension: Strategies and Goals. New York: Elsevier ISBN 1-85166-020-8. S544.I59.

Just, R.E., A. Schmitz and D. Zilberman. 1979. "Technological change in agriculture." Science 206 (December):1277-1280.

Koehler, J.W., K.E. Anatol and R.L. Applebaum. 1981. Organizational Communication: Behavioral Perspectives. New York: Holt.

Lionberger, H.F. 1960. Adoption of New Ideas and Practices. Ames: The Iowa State University Press.

Lionberger, H.F. and P.H. Gwin. 1983. Communication Strategies: A Guide for Agricultural Change Agents. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers.

Lippett, G. and R. Lippett. 1978. The Consulting Process in Action. LaJolla: University Associates.

McDowell, G. R. 1978. "An analytical framework for extension community development programming in local government." American Journal of Agricultural Economics (August):416-424.

Mulford, C., G. Klonglan, R. Warren and R. Powers. 1980. Impact of Extension's Community Resource Development Projects. Sociology Report No. 146. Ames, Iowa: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Iowa State University.

Norman, D.W. 1980. The Farming Systems Approach: Relevancy for the Small Farmer. MSU Rural Development Paper No. 5. East Lansing: Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University.

Oakley, P. and C. Garforth. 1985. Guide to Extension Training. Rome: FAO. S 544.O21.

Oakley, P. and D. Marsden. 1984. Approaches to Participation in Rural Development. Geneva: International Labor Office.

Pinnock, T.J. and L. H. Foster. 1979. Tuskegee Institute: The New Leaders of the Rural South-Partners in an Evolutionary Process. Tuskegee, Alabama: The Human Resources Development Center, Tuskegee Institute.

Rasmussen, W.D. 1989. Cooperative Extension: Taking the University to the People. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Rivera, W.M. and S.G. Schram. 1987. Agricultural Extension Worldwide. London: Croom Helm. S 544.A59

Rogers, Everett and F. Floyd Shoemaker. 1971. Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach. New York: The Free Press.

Rogers, J. 1986 (2nd Edition). Adults Learning. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Roling, Niels. 1989. Extension Science: Information Systems in Agricultural Development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Saint, W.S. and W. Coward, Jr. 1977. "Agriculture and behavioral science: emerging orientations." Science 197 (August):733-737.

Sanders, H.C. 1966. The Cooperative Extension Service. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Saunders, J.B. (ed.). 1966. Food and Civilization. New York: Charles C. Thomas. TX 345.F3.

Scarborough, C. and O. Strickland. 1978. Planning and Evaluating Extension Programs. Circular EX-6. Auburn: Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.

Schuh, E. and H. Tollini. 1979. Cost and Benefits of Agricultural Research: The State of the Arts. Staffing Working Paper No. 360. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Scobie, G.M. 1979. Investment in International Agricultural Research: Some Economic Dimensions. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 361. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Strickland, O. 1978. Program Development for the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service. Circular EX-3. Auburn: Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.

Swanson, B.E. (ed.). 1984. Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual. Rome: FAO. ISBN 92-5-101504-X. S 544.A47

Thornton, N.H. 1978. "Designing communication strategy for county programs in the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service." Auburn: Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University (Mimeograph).

USDA. 1980a. Evaluation of Economic and Social Consequences of Cooperative Extension Programs. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Science and Education Administration - Extension.

______. 1980b. Evaluation of Economic and Social Consequences of Cooperative Extension Programs-Appendix I. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Science and Education Administration - Extension.

______. 1980c. Evaluation of Economic and Social Consequences of Cooperative Extension Programs-Executive Summary. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Science and Education Administration - Extension.

Van Den Ban, A.W. and H.S. Hawkins. 1985. Agricultural Extension. New York: Longman Scientific & Technical.

Warren, R.L. 1968. "Theory and practice in community development." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 45 (December):1226-1238.

Webster, F.E., Jr.1971. Marketing Communication. New York: The Ronald Press Company.

Weiss, C. 1972. Evaluation Research. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Zaltman, G. and R. Duncan. 1977. Strategies for Planned Change. New York: John Wiley.