S-1000
Regional Project
Animal
Manure and Waste Utilization, Treatment and Nuisance Avoidance for a Sustainable
Agriculture
2003
Station Reports
WISCONSIN – 2003 ANNUAL
REPORT
1. Reporting Scientists: James C. Converse
and K.G. Karthikeyan
Location: Biological
Systems Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460
Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706
2. Summary of Work by Objectives and Tasks a. Objective 2, Task 3:
Title: Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils Receiving Chemically Treated Dairy
Manure
Scientists: Mahmoud Kalbasi and K.G. Karthikeyan
Project Rationale:
This study attempts to bridge the gaps between our knowledge of chemical
treatment systems for dairy manure (intended to remove phosphorus (P) and
solids) and the ultimate fate of P when the treated manure is land applied.
Findings:
An incubation study was conducted with 3 soils (I, II, and III with 12, 66,
and 94 mg/kg Bray-1 P), 4 manure treatments (1 untreated; 3 chemical [alum
– Al; FeCl3 - Fe, lime - Ca] treated), at 2 rates (12.5 and 25 mg P/kg),
and a control (no manure). Sub-samples were analyzed for Bray-1
P and water-extractable P (WEP) after each incubation time (1 d, 1 &
2 w, 1, 3 & 6m, 1 and 2 y). P distribution among different fractions
(soluble & exchangeable; Al-, Fe-, and Ca- bound; organic-P and residual)
was also determined after 1 d, 1 and 2 y incubation periods. WEP increased
when soils received untreated or Ca-treated manure with the magnitude being
proportional to P application rate. WEP, however, decreased (compared
to control) for soils II and III or slightly increased for soil I with addition
of Al or Fe-treated manure. WEP decreased sharply between 1 d and 1
or 2 w incubation and then remained relatively constant or increased slightly
up to 2 y depending on treatment and soil type. Compared to control,
Bray-1 P increased for all treatment types and soils application in the following
order: Ca-treated > Al-treated > untreated > Fe-treated >
control. Within each treatment, Bray-1 P decreased between 1 d and
1 to 2 w and then gradually increased for up to 3 month (soil II and III)
or 6 month (soil I). However, a sharp increase in Bray-1 P was observed
between 1 and 2 years of incubation for soils II and III. Application
of Al or Fe treated manure decreases P solubility with the effect being more
pronounced in soils with high background P. Application of Ca-treated
manure, however, increases both WEP and Bray-1 P. Several years of
P input through fertilizer and manure contributed mainly to Al-P and to a
lesser degree to other fractions. Only soluble and exchangeable P (all
soils) and Al-P (soil I) exhibited treatment-type effects after receiving
chemically treated manure.
Publications:
Kalbasi, M. and K.G. Karthikeyan. Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils Receiving
Chemically Treated Dairy Manure. (J. Environmental Quality
- in review).
Conference Proceedings:
Kalbasi, M. and K.G. Karthikeyan. 2003. Nutrient Dynamics in Soils Receiving
Chemically Treated Dairy Manure. In the Animal, Agricultural
and Food Processing Wastes, Proceedings of the Ninth International
Symposium (ed. Robert Burns), 11-14 October 2003, Raleigh,
NC, pp. xxx-xxx.
Kalbasi, M. and K.G. Karthikeyan. 2003. Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils Receiving
Chemically Treated Dairy Manure. Wisconsin Fertilizer,
Aglime and Pest Management Conference, Jan 21-23, 2003,
Madison WI.
Abstracts and Posters:
Kalbasi, M., and K.G. Karthikeyan. 2002. Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils
Receiving Chemically Treated Dairy Manure. ASA-CSSA-SSSA
Annual Meeting, Nov. 2002, Indianapolis, IN. b. Objective 2, Task 3:
Title: Nitrogen and Solution Dynamics in Soils Receiving Chemically
Treated Dairy Manure
Scientists: Mahmoud Kalbasi and K.G. Karthikeyan
Project Rationale:
This study attempts to bridge the gaps between our knowledge of chemical
treatment systems for dairy manure (intended to remove phosphorus (P) and
solids) and the ultimate fate of N when the treated manure is land applied.
Findings:
An incubation study was conducted to determine the effect of chemically treated
(3 treatments: alum – Al; FeCl3 – Fe; lime- Ca) manure addition on short-
and long- term dynamics of NO3- and NH4+ in soils. Two manure application
rates were used in addition to a control sample (no manure). Sub-samples
were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water-extractable NO3-,
NO2-, and KCl-extractable NH4+ after 1 d, 1and 2 w, 1, 3 and 6 m, and 1 and
2y. Nitrate release was controlled by the treatment type (untreated
> Al-treated > Ca-treated > Fe-treated > control) and increased
sharply between 1 d and 1 or 2 w and then slowly at longer incubation periods.
Although more NO3- was extracted at the higher manure application rate, both
the rates of addition had similar percent of the total applied N released
as NO3-. The trend in EC followed that of water-extractable NO3- resulting
in a high correlation (r = 0.98) between EC and NO3- concentration.
In contrast to NO3-, K+-exchangeable NH4+ exhibited a sharp decrease between
1 d and 1 w of incubation and then remained relatively constant for up to
2 y. The decrease in exchangeable NH4+ during the first week followed
this order: untreated manure > Al-treated Fe-treated> Ca-treated
> control. Soil pH increased significantly for the application of
Ca-treated manure after all incubation periods and was related to the manure
application rate. It, however, decreased (sharply between 1 d and 1
or 2 w) or remained unchanged (compared to control) for the other treatments.
Application of alum, ferric chloride and especially lime-treated dairy manure
to soil decreases the amount of added NH4 to soil and the resulting initial
rapid nitrification.
Publications:
Kalbasi, M. and K.G. Karthikeyan. Nitrogen and Solution Dynamics in
Soils Receiving Chemically Treated Dairy Manure. (J. Environmental
Quality - in review). c. Objective 2, Task 3:
Title: Nature of Phosphorus in Dairy Manure
Scientists: Mahmoud Kalbasi, Kerem Gungor and K.G. Karthikeyan
Project Rationale:
Differences in the composition of manures applied to croplands lead to differences
in the amount of phosphorus (P) that may be lost in runoff, even when the
same amount of P is applied. In this project, we are investigating the nature
of P in WI dairy manures to enable identification of pathways for release
of manure P to water from manure-amended soils.
Findings:
Nature of P in manure controls its mobility in surface and sub-surface transport
pathways as well as determines its values a crop fertilizer. Serial
and sequential dilution experiments were performed on five dairy manure samples
collected from different farms in WI to determine the nature of P in these
samples. Decreasing amounts of each manure sample was shaken with DI-water,
0.01 M CaCl2 and 0.01 M MgCl2 for an hour. Suspension pH was recorded
and it was centrifuged and filtered (0.45 m), and the filtrate was analyzed
for P (specifically, dissolved reactive P), Ca and Mg, and electrical conductivity.
Amount of P extracted from manure by DI-water increased with increasing dilution
and constituted between 60-80% of total P in the manure. Contrasting
effects of the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in lowering P extractability was
noticed indicating that Ca and Mg phosphates are dominant inorganic solid
phases controlling P solubility in manure. Influence of Ca2+ was more
pronounced at higher dilution factors whereas the converse was true for Mg2+.
Manure samples were also extracted with DI-water sequentially for six times
and the above parameters plus Ca2+ ion activity were determined. Chemical
speciation modeling of the sequential extraction data with MINTEQA2 indicates
that di-Ca and/or di-Mg type phosphate mineral(s) could be controlling P
solubility in manure. Since manure DRP is highly dependent on the extent
of dilution, while reporting DRP values it is important to indicate the manure-to-water
ratio used for sample preparation.
Publications:
Abstracts and Posters:
Kalbasi, M., Gungor, K., and K.G. Karthikeyan. 2003. Nature of Phosphorus
in Dairy Manure. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Nov. 2003,
Denver, CO.