S-1000
Regional Project
Animal
Manure and Waste Utilization, Treatment and Nuisance Avoidance for a Sustainable
Agriculture
2003
Station Reports
Reporting Scientist:
Robert D. von Bernuth, Michigan State University
Progress to date by objective and task.
The following objectives and tasks have been addressed.
In addition, some work on diet modification for reduction of odor and ammonia
emissions will be reported.
Objective 2: Develop, evaluate, and refine physical, chemical and
biological treatment processes in engineered and natural systems for management
of manures and other wastes. Task 3. Develop and evaluate physical and
chemical treatments for recovering or stabilizing manure solids or manure
treatment by-products for improved utilization alternatives
Objective 3: Develop methodology, technology, and management practices
to reduce odors, gases, airborne microflora, particulate matter, and other
airborne emissions from animal production systems. Task 3: Emission
control technology development and selection for site-specific cases.
This report includes work on several multi-disciplinary projects, but
is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all such projects at Michigan
State University. The projects all cross over between the above tasks.
Work reported herein can be listed in the following categories. 1)
Use of ozone for reduction of odor and pathogenic activity. 2) Characterization
of gases emitted and quantification of those gases. 3) Evaluation of
the liquid/solid isolation system for swine manure employed at the swine research
facililty at Michigan State University.
Ozone
Two methods of ozone application/injection have been
used in swine facilities. The efficacy of ozone for odor reduction
when injected into the ventilation air stream of an environmentally controlled
swine production facility was evaluated. Pig performance was measured.
In a separate study, the efficacy of injecting ozone into the liquid fraction
of swine manure is being evaluated.
Ozone Injection into Ventilation Air
There were some differences in air quality as characterized
by differences in concentrations of gases as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Ammonia decreased linearly with ozone concentration and a linear model accounts
for 94% of the variation within the range of concentrations observed.
Respirable dust through twelve weeks of the trial was also influenced by ozone
with a second order increase in respirable dust with ozone concentration.
A quadratic model accounts for 99% of the variation in dust with a maximum
at 0.05 ppm ozone. Average dilution to threshold (DT) for odor decreased
with ozone concentration, and a linear model explains 85% of the variation
in DT. Two (indole and skatole) of the five VOCs chosen for in-depth
analysis were linearly reduced by ozone, and p-cresol was quadratically reduced
by ozonation with a minimum at 0.05 ppm. The quadratic model for p-cresol
accounts for 96% of the variation.
The performance of the pigs was mixed. Average
daily feed intake for the first two periods was affected by ozone with the
higher ozone levels leading to lower feed intake. This led to decreased average
daily gain. In later periods there appeared to be compensatory gain,
and by the end of the trial there was no difference.
An objective was to determine key gas levels and bioaerosol
contaminants in an environmentally controlled environment. In this experiment
the space per pig was 8 ft2, and the ventilation was 25 cfm per pig.
Hydrogen sulfide was less than 0.2 ppm, ammonia was about 3 ppm, and carbon
dioxide was about 900 ppm. Concentrations of the five VOCs ranged from
0.04 g/L (p-Ethylphenol) to 13 g/L (Phenol). With
the ventilation rate at 600 cfm, the emission rates for the gases varied from
less than 0.04 g/h (p-Ethylphenol) to more than 1000 g/h (carbon dioxide).
This relates to nearly 42 g/h per pig of carbon dioxide emission.
A profile of gaseous and bioaerosol contamination levels
were determined and lead to determination of air emissions from the facility.
The calculated emissions rates for the conditions as described are shown
in Table 3. A complete listing of the compounds and their respective
concentrations as identified by mass spectroscopy are listed in Kim-Yang (2002).
Table 1. Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations
(ppm)
Ozone Injection into Liquid Fraction of Manure
The research/demonstration project for injecting ozone
into the liquid stream of manure from the facility has been completed.
Odor reduction results are being analyzed, but a qualitative statement
is that the odor is substantially reduced. Gerrish, et. al., 2003,
summarizes the project.
Reducing Dietary Crude Protein
The objective of this study was to investigate whether
reducing dietary CP concentration decreases fecal VFA, manure ammonia (NH3)
emission and odor, and urinary phenolic metabolites. Six treatments
consisted of four corn-soybean meal based diets containing 15, 12, 9, and
6% CP, a casein-based diet containing 15% CP, and a protein-free diet.
Crystalline AA were included in the 12, 9, and 6% CP diets. The results
indicate that reduction in dietary CP concentrations decreased manure NH3
emission, but it does not diminish manure odor offensiveness and fecal VFA
concentrations. (See Otto, et.al., 2003).
Evaluation of Liquid/Solid Isolation System
The Swine Teaching and Research Facility at Michigan
State University is a 250 sow farrow-to-finish facility. The manure
handling system for the finishing rooms consists of a V-shaped floor beneath
concrete slats with a slotted PVC pipe at the vertex of the V. Liquid
runs into the pipe and is directed to the liquid holding tank. Solids
(feces) stick to the slope of the V and are removed by a cable drawn scraper.
Research conducted earlier at MSU had shown that 90+% of the phosphorus was
isolated in the solid portion, but the efficacy of the isolation had never
been proven on a production size facility. A project was begun in July,
2003 to evaluate the efficacy of phosphorus isolation and simultaneously record
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, NOx and COx gas concentration levels. Through
seven weeks of the trial, the efficacy of isolation has ranged from 88 to
92% of phosphorus contained in the solids. Water and feed consumption
are closely monitored, and a phosphorus balance will be performed. Preliminary
results for the first six weeks are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 not available. Contact Robert
D. von Bernuth directly if you would like to
see Figure 1.
Concentrations of ammonia have been less than 3
ppm, and hydrogen sulfide levels have been below detection threshhold through
the first six weeks.
Usefulness of Findings and Impacts
Noted separately above by bolded type.
Planned Work for Next Year
The liquid isolation system study will be completed,
and the results incorporated into a collaborative study among researchers
from North Carolina State, Ohio State, Iowa State and Michigan State Universities.
Funding has been secured for a comparative analysis of
odor evaluation and aerosol monitoring techniques in conjunction with the
Institut de Recherche et de Developpement en Agroenviornment (IRDA) in Quebec.
The research will be conducted in six environmental chambers designed to replicate
commercial swine productin facilities. GC/MS analysis will be used
to profile volatile fatty acids, and the MSU Continuous Monitoring System
(CEM) will be used for multi-gas analysis. IRDA will employ GC using
flame ionization and electron capture detection, and dual wavelength nephelometer
technology will be used for dust analysis. All results will also be
subjected to analysis by a trained olfactometry panel at IRDA.
Publications: Peer Reviewed Articles:
Otto, E. R., M.
Yokoyama, S. Hengemuehle, R. D. von Bernuth, T. van Kempen, and N. L. Trottier.
2003. Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics and odor offensiveness in
manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. J. Anim.
Sci. 2003. 81:1754-1763.
N. Islam and R. D. von Bernuth.
2003. Arsenic Transportation in the Groundwater of Bangladesh and the Policy
of Irrigation Development. J. Phys. IV France. 2003. 107 :661-665. Proceedings: Humenik, F. J. , R. D. von
Bernuth, T.L. Richard and F. Michael Jr., Livestock Housing Design to Enhance
Management of Liquid Stream and In-House Gases. Proceedings of the Fourth
International Livestock Waste Management Symposium and Technology Expo, Global
Perspective in Livestock Waste Mgmt., Penang, Malaysia, pp. 113-118, 2002.
Conference Papers:
J. B. Gerrish, S. H. Davies,
S. J. Masten, R. L. Ledebuhr, and R. D. von Bernuth. 2003. "Ozonation of Swine-waste
Liquids at Full- scale. Presented at the ASAE Annual International Meeting,
Las Vegas, NV. Paper #034056.
M. Nazrul Islam, R. D. von Bernuth, S. Davies,
and H. R. Chowdhury. 2003. "Low Cost Arsenic Removal Techniques Using Existing
Resources". Presented at 3rd World Water Forum, Session IWRM-37, Shiga, Japan.
March, 2003.
Jeff Hill, R. D. von Bernuth, and E. C. Cline.
2002. "Monitoring and Regulation of Ozonation Systems in Livestock Production
Facilities". Presented at the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Chicago,
IL. Paper #024055.
H. S. Kim-Yang, R. D. von Bernuth, and S. Davies.
2002. "Ozonation Effect on Odorous Compounds in Livestock Building Air." Presented
at the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Chicago, IL. Paper #024056.
MD. N. Islam and R. D. von Bernuth. 2002. Lowering
of Water Table and Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Problem in Bangladesh.
Presented at the ASAE Annual International Meeting, Chicago, IL. Paper #022214. Other:
Model Certification Program for Confined Feeding Operations. See http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~jonesd/cert/web_intro.htm
(Contributing author)
Manure Application Risk Index with Jerry Grigar, NRCS See http://www.egr.msu.edu/age/. Dissertation:
Kim-Yang, Hyesoon. 2002. Characterization of odorous and hazardous
gaseous compounds in livestock building air. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Michigan State University.