Bulletins, Circulars, Progress Reports

Bulletin 486

January 1977

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station

R. Dennis Rouse, Director

Auburn University

Auburn, Alabama

 Figure in Wood

An Illustrated Review1

Harold O. Beals and Terry C. Davis

Associate Professor of Wood Technology and Assistant Professor of Forestry and Forest Pathology
1 Research supported by McIntire-Stennis Research Funds as Project No. 905.

LITERATURE CITED
(1) Anonymous. 1929. What Causes "Birds-Eye" Maple. Lake States For. Exp. Sta. Tech. Note No. 13. 1 p.

(2) Anonymous. 1939. (Rev. 1960). Figure in Timber. Comm. Scient. and Ind. Res. Org., Div. of For. Prod. Trade Cir. No. 43. Melbourne (Australia). 8 pp. 17 ill.

(3) Anonymous (An Old Timer). 1941. Cause of Bird's Eye in Maple. Wood Products (Now Wood and Wood Products) 46(4): 42.

(4) Anonymous. 1967. Dimpled Grain in Lodgepole and Jack Pine. Res. News, Dept. of For. and Rural Dev. (Canada) 10(4):3-4. Ill.

(5) Bailey, L. F. 1948. Figured Wood: A Study of Methods of Production. J. Forestry 46: 119-125. 19 figs. 20 refs.

(6) Baumer, M. 1953. Figure in Wood. Wood (London) 18:178-181, 212-215, and 302-304 (Translated by J. L. Robertson from articles appearing in Bois et Forets de Tropique July-August 1952). 18 Figs. 9 Refs.

(7) Bayne, T. G. 1967. Personal communication.

(8) Beals, H. O. and T. C. Davis, 1966. Fiddleback and Quilted Figures in Wood. J. Ala. Acad. of Sci. 37: 263.

(9) Beals, H. O. and T. C. Davis. 1973. An Annotated Bibliography of Figure in Wood. Auburn Univ. (Ala.) Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 205. 18 pp.

(10) Beer, N. H. 1963-1967. Personal communications.

(11) Berry, F. M. 1942. The Anatomy of Bird's-Eye Figure in Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh). Unpublished progress report. Dept. of For., Mich. St. ColI. 19 pp. 16 photos.

(12) Bialobok, S. 1968. Personal communication.

(13) Bingham, R. T. 1960. An Annotated Directory to Canadian and Foreign Workers in Forest Genetics and Related Fields. J. Forestry 58:602-618.

(14) Bitters, W. P. and E. R. Parker. 1953. Quick Decline of Citrus as Influenced by Top-Root Relationships. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 733. 35 pp. 5 figs. 58 refs.

(15) Boyce, J. S. 1961. Forest Pathology. (Third Ed.) McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, pp. 298-305.

(16) Carpenter, J. B. and J. R. Furr. 1960. Wood Pitting of Undetermined Cause in Unbudded Citrus Seedlings. Plant Disease Reptr. 44(12): 916-918. 1 photo. 6 refs.

(17) Chafe, S. C. 1969. Dimpled Grain in Wood. For. Chronicle 45(3):1-7.11 figs. 10 refs.

(18) Conrad, J. 1957. Plusbaumauswahl unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Holzqualitat (The choice of plus trees with particular reference to wood quality). Forstarchiv 28(7):133-137. Text in German. 7 photos. 14 Refs.

(19) Conrad, J. 1959. Die Riegelbildung bei unseren Laubholzarten (Fidd1eback figure in our hardwoods). Allegemeine Forstzeitschrift 6(5):635-639. Text in German. 6 photos.

(20) Cozzo, S. A. 1972. Native and Exotic Argentine Woods with Conspicuous “Mottled” Figure. Rev. For. Argent. 16: 19-22.

(21) Davis, T. C. and H. O. Beals. 1977. Color in Sweetgum Wood. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta./Auburn Univ. Circ. 231, 16 pp.

(22) Feihl, A. 0.1964. Rotary Cutting of Curly Yellow Birch. Dept. of For. Publication No. 1086 (Ottawa) Canada. 18 pp. 5 ill. 2 tables, 2 refs.

(23) Fine Hardwoods Association. No date. Veneers—Figure in Wood. Book 4, Educational Series. 11 pp. 18 photos.

(24) Fritz, E. 1950. Redwood Burls. Redwood Region Conf. Bull. (Mimeographed). California Redwood Assoc. 2 pp.

(25) Frohlich, D. 1968. Personal communication.

(26) Gardiner, A.E. 1962. A Note on the Variation of Flamy Figure in Silver Birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.). Silvae Genet. 11(5/6):161-163.

(27) Gardiner, A. S. 1965. “Flamy” Birch and its Frequency in some Highland Populations. Scottish Forestry 19(3): 180-186.

(28) Ghosh, S. S. 1959. Decorative Features of some Indian Timbers. Timber Trade J., Calcutta (India) 11 pp. 33 ill.

(29) Gruschow, G. F. 1959. Curly Pine. Southern Lumberman 193: 189-190. 3 photos.

(30) Hale, J. D. 1932. The Identification of Woods Commonly Used in Canada. Can. Dept. Int., For. Serv. Bull. 81:1-48.

(31) Hamlin, M. J. 1931. Peculiarities of Figured Woods. Veneers 25:16-17.

(32) Heikinheimo, O. 1940. Om Odling av Masurbjork (On experiments with Masur-birch). Skogen 27: 165-167. Text in Swedish. 7photos.

(33) Hintikka, T. J. 1922. Die “Wisa”-Krankheit der Birkin in Finn-land. (The “wisa” Disease of Birch in Finland.) Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Gallenkunde 32(5): 193-209. Text in German. 51 refs.

(34) Holmberg, L. H. 1933. Is Suppression a Possible Cause of Bird's-Eye in Sugar Maple? J. Forestry 31 :968-970.

(35) Holmberg, L. H. 1934. Is Heredity a Possible Cause of Bird's Eye in Sugar Maple? J. Forestry 32:627-628.

(36) Johnsson, H. 1951. Avkommor av Masurbjork (Experiments with Masur Birch). Sartryck ur Svenska Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift nr. 1. 12 pp. Text in Swedish. 9 figs. 5 tables. 3 refs. Foreningen Skogstradsforadning, Ekebo, Svalov, Sweden.

(37) Johnsson, H. 1967. Personal communication.

(38) Lamb, G. N. 1940. Figure in Wood. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. Ann. Rept. 31:28-33.

(39) Lamb, G. N. 1950. Burl and Swirl and the Strangler Fig is a Vine. Veneers and Plywood (April issue) pp. 10-11. 5 photos.

(40) Lamb, G. N. and A. Albini. 1956. Figure Types in Mahogany. Mahogany Assoc., Chicago. 31 pp. 40 plates. 15 Figs.

(41) Larsen, C. Muhle. 1940. Masurbirk (Masurbirch). Dansk Skovforenings Tidsskrift 25:33-72. (Text in Danish). 15 photos. 19 refs.

(42) Little, E. L., K. A. Brinkman, and A. L. McComb. 1957. Two Natural Iowa Hybrid Poplars. For. Sci. 3:253-262.

(43) Luckiesh, M. 1965. Visual Illusions—Their Causes, Characteristics, and Applications. Dover. Pub. Inc., New York. 252 pp.

(44) Maxwell, H. 1917a. Figures Due to Twisted Grain. Hardwood Record 43(3):18-19.4 figs.

(45) Maxwell, H. 1917b. Growth-Ring Wood Figures. Hardwood Record 42(12): 13-15. 5 figs.

(46) Maxwell, H. 1917c. Figures by Quarter-Sawing. Hardwood Record 43(11): 16-17.4 figs.

(47) Mayer-Wegelin, H. and J. Pieper. 1959. Die Zeichnung von Fur-nierholzern und ihre Beurteilung nach Merkmalen am Rundholz (The markings of veneer woods and their evaluation by log characteristics). Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 17(18):305-312. (Text in German -English summary). 12 photos. 10 refs.

(48) McCrum, R. C., J. G. Barrat, M. T. Hilborn, and A. E. Rich. 1960. An Illustrated Review of Apple Virus Diseases. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 595 and N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 101.63 pp. 31 photos. 21 refs.

(49) McDaniels, L. H. 1953. Some Aspects of the Problems of Curly-Grained Walnut. N. NutGrowers Assoc. Ann. Rept. 44:72-79.

(50) McKeen, H. B. 1940. The Texture, Grain, and Figure of Wood. J. Forestry 38(8):664-665.

(51) Menninger, E. A. 1967. Fantastic Trees. Chap. 20 entitled "Trees that Twist." Viking Press, N. Y. pp. 176-190.

(52) Mitchell, H. L. 1961. A Concept of Intrinsic Wood Quality and Nondestructive Methods for Determining Quality in Standing Timber. USFS For. Prod. Lab. Rept. No. 2233. 14 pp. 9 figs.

(53) Mitchell, H. L. 1964. Burlwood —Royalty's Wood? Am. Forests 70:22-25. 5 photos.

(54) Newall, R. J. 1958. Figure in Home-Grown Birch Veneer. Trials of Timbers for Plywood Mfg., Prog. Rept. No. 47. For. Prod. Lab., Princes Risborough, England.

(55) Newall, R. J. 1960. Bark Form and Veneer Figure in Home-Grown Birch. Wood 25(5): 196-200. 19 photos. 1 table.

(56) Newall, R. J. and A. S. Gardiner. 1963. Bark Form and Wood Figure in Home-Grown Birch. Spec. Rept. No. 18. For. Prod. Res. Lab., Princes Risborough, England, 28 pp. 8 plates. 18 Refs.

(57) Newall, R. J. and J. E. Grosert. 1959. Bark Form and Veneer Figure in Home-Grown Birch. Trials of Timber for Plywood Mfg., Prog. Rept. No. 54. For. Prod. Res. Lab., Princes Risborough, England.

(58) Newall, R. J. and J. E. Grosert. 1961. Bark Form and Veneer Figure in Home-Grown Brich. Trials of Timber for Plywood Mfg., Prog. Rept. No. 57. For. Prod. Res. Lab., Princes Risborough, England. 13 pp. 27 photos, 8 tables. 3 refs.

(59) Nobles, R. W. 1967. Personal communication.

(60) Noskowiak, A. F. 1963. Spiral Grain in Trees: A Review. For. Prod. Res. J. 13(7)3:226-275. 119 refs.

(61) Okazaki, A. 1963. Forestry in Japan. Hill Family Foundation For. Series, Ore. St. Univ. Corvallis, pp. 18-19. 1 photo.

(62) Okazaki, A. 1967. Personal communication.

(63) Panshin, A. J. and Dezeew, C. 1964. Textbook of Wood Technology. Sec. Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. pp. 238-250.

(64) Paul, B. H. 1962. Figures in Wood: Make Their Natural Beauty Pay. Hitchcock's Wood Working Digest. August pp. 27-29.

(65) Piccioli, L. 1918. I Lengi Marezzati. Ann. R. 1st. Super. For. Naz. Firenge. Vol. 3.

(66) Pillow. M. Y. 1930. “Bird's Eyes” in Maple are not Due to Dormant Buds. Hardwood Record 68:45-46. 3 photos.

(67) Pillow, M. Y. 1955. Detection of Figured Wood in Standing Trees. USFS For. Prod. Lab. Rept. No. 2043. 3 pp. 5 photos.

(68) Record ,S.J. 1921. Figure inWood. Am .Forestry 27:611-617. 16 photos.

(69) Richter, F. 1.1934. On the Causes of Bird's-Eye Maple, J. Forestry 32:626-27.

(70) Ruden, T. 1954. Om valbjork og endel andre unormale veddan-nelser hos bjork (On speckled birch (“mazer-birch”) and some other forms of curled birch). Saertrykk av Meddelelser fra Det norske Skogforsoksvesen nr. 43. 12:451-501. Text in Norwegian: English Summary. 40 figs. 13 refs. Norwegian For. Res. Inst., Vollebekk, Norway.

(71) Rydeskog, A. 1949. Flammigheten hos Fanerbjork (Flamy figure in veneer Birch). Skogen 36(17):229. Text in Swedish. 1 table.

(72) Saarnijoki, S. 1961. On muutakin visaa kuin koivun visaa! (Curly (Masur) Figured Wood is not found in Birch alone). Met-sataloudellinen Aidadauslehti 6/7:257-259; 276. Text in Finnish; English Summary. 5 photos

(73) Schmucker, T. and H. Meyer. 1965. Auswahl and Vermehrung einiger abnormer Former bei Laubholzern (Selection and Propagation of Some Abnormal Forms of Hardwoods). Der Forst-und Holzwirt 11 (9): 175-177. 6 photos. Text in German.

(74) Scholz, E. 1963a. Die rationelle Bewirtschaftung der Birke (The Rational Management of Birch). Sozialistiache Forstwirtschaft 12(12):337-343; 362-367. Text in German. 12 photos. 29 refs.

(75) Scholz, E. 1963b. Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Braunmaserbirke (The Distirbution of Brown Masur Birch). Archiv fur Forstwesen 12(12):1244-1253. Text in German; English Summary. 8 figs. 19 refs.

(76) Schrock, O. and E. Scholz. 1953. Einiges uber Furnierbirken, in-sbesondere Flammbirken and deren Erkennen in Bestande (Veneer Birch, Especially Wavy-Grained Birch and how to Recognize Them in the Stand). Wald 3 (6): 180-183. Text in German. 14 photos.

(77) Strohmeyer, G. 1965. Riegelahorne in Hessen (Fiddleback Maples in Hesse). Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift 20 (38/39):610. Text in German. 2 photos. 3 refs.

(78) Tauchnitz, E. 1960. Uber Rindentypen and Furnierqualitaten der Birke im Suden der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Bark Types and Veneer Quality in Birch for S. E. Germany). Forst und Jagd 10(4):181-185. Text in German. 8 photos. 12 refs.

(79) Thor, E. 1968. Personal communication.

(80) Turnbull, R. F. 1957. Figure, Texture, and Grain of Wood. C.S.I.R.O. Prod. Newsletter No. 228. pp. 1-2. Melbourne (Austrailia).

(81) Walters, C. S. 1951. Figured Walnut Propagated by Grafting. J. Forestry 49:917. 1 photo.

(82) Wangaard, F. F. 1950. The Mechanical Properties of Wood. John Wiley and Sons. New York, pp. 148-149. 1 ill.

(83) Watson, H. 1972. AFA Goodwill Tour of the Orient. Ala. For. Prod. 15(11):20-23.7 figs.

(84) Wilkinson, J. F. 1949. The Grafted Curly Walnut as a Timber Tree. N. NutGrowers Assoc. Ann. Rept. 39:139-142.

(85) Woodfin, R. O. 1969. Spiral Grain Patterns in Coast Douglas Fir. For. Prod. J. 19:53-60.

(86) Wold, M. 1967. Personal communication.