Tribe Galerucini
Tribe Luperini

Tribe Galerucini

     Last ventral abdominal segment of males with a median, apical semicircular depression. Abdominal apex may be emarginate behind depression. Tarsal claws usually bifid. Anterior and posterior tibiae rarely with apical spurs. The larvae occur on leaves (96).

GENUS MONOCESTA CLARK

Monocesta Clark, 1865, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 16  (94): 257, 264. Type-species: Monocesta      imperialis Clark.
     Large beetles, at least 11 mm. long. Elytra pubescent. Procoxal cavities open behind. Tibiae without apical spurs. Tarsal claws bifid.
     Only the following species occurs in North America.

Trirhabda LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Type-species: Trirhabda      nitidicollis LeConte.
Trirhabda Gemminger & Harold, 1876, Cat. Coleopt. 12: 3575 (error or emendation for      Trirhabda LeConte).
     Elongate beetles. Head usually with a black median frontal spot. Third antennal segment shorter than 4th. Elytra usually vittate, pubescent. Procoxal cavities open behind. Tibiae carinate externally. Tarsal claws bifid.
     Three Alabama species are known.

Key to the Alabama Species of Trirhabda

1. Elytra with lateral sutural vittae united before or slightly behind middle or with traces of     median vitta coalescing with lateral vitta..... 2
    Elytra with lateral and sutural black vittae distinct and not united before apex, no median     vitta..... 3
2. Small (5.0-9.0 mm. long); elytra not densely pubescent, lateral and sutural vittae united      behind middle; on Solidago sp...... T. virgata
     Large (7.0-12.0 mm. long); elytra finely and densely pubescent, vittae coalescing shortly      behind middle; on Baccharis sp...... T. bacharidis
3. Occipital spot small, oblong, not forming transverseband or extending broadly down front;      elytra densely pubescent, finely punctate; 7.0-10.0 mm. long; on Solidago sp...... T.      canadensis
    Occipital spot usually widely oblong or extending broadly down front; elytra not densely      pubescent; on Solidago sp...... T. virgata

Trirhabda bacharidis (Weber)

Galleruca bacharis Weber, 1801, Observationes Entomol. p. 57.
Trirhabda tomentosa LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 220.
     Elongate, posteriorly broadened. Head brown with punctate, black, transverse, oval front spot. Pronotum with large median and two lateral discal black spots; medial frontal fovea and transverse discal depression present, latter laterally anteriorly arcuate. Elytra pubescent, closely punctate; brown with broad sutural and submarginal black vittae usually fusing from 1/2 elytral length posteriorly. Length 7.7-10.5 mm. Width 3.3-5.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 52 specimens from Baldwin¹, Houston¹, Lee¹, and Mobile^1,2,3 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 3-24.
     Remarks: The host plant for this species is the groundsell-tree, Baccharis halimifolia, although W. T. Seibels collected several specimens in Mobile County on slash pine (Pinus sp.).
     The larvae are unusual among the chrysomelids in being colored with striking metallic hues. Last instar larvae, collected April 12, emerged May 3 as adults. The larvae pupated on the soil.

Trirhabda canadensis (Kirby) *

Galleruca canadensis Kirby, 1837, Fauna Bor.-Americana, pt. 4, p. 219.
Trirhabda canadensis var. tomentosa Crotch, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 25: 56.
     Elongate. Head yellow-brown with a black fronto-occipital spot, its lateral edges subparallel; frons and clypeus shining, glabrous; occiput rugose, pubescent. Pronotum yellow with round medial discal and pair of round lateral marginal spots; surface alutaceous or glabrous, with sparse punctures, with deeply concave discal furrows. Elytra yellow-brown with broad sutural and lateral submarginal black vittae, vittae usually contiguous apically. Length 8.4 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Winston¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: June 26.
     Remarks: This single specimen represents a considerable extension of the species' range, i.e., from Maryland south to Alabama. It appears to differ from the northern specimens particularly in having the pronotal surface nearly completely glabrous and shining. Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) is its host plant (16).

Trirhabda virgata LeConte

Trirhabda virgata LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 220.
     Oblong elongate. Head yellow-brown with black occiput extending broadly down frons; black area closely punctate, alutaceous. Pronotum yellow-brown, alutaceous, with black medial and 2 lateral discal spots. Elytra yellow-brown with broad sutural and lateral black vittae, vittae frequently confluent from apex cephalad, sometimes nearly completely black except for yellow-brown margins; elytral sculpture densely, confluently punctate, moderately pubescent. Length 6.8-8.4 mm. Width 3.5-4.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 18 specimens from Etowah^2,3, Jackson^2,3, and Madison^1,2,3 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 19-July 27.
     Remarks: We have collected these beetles on Solidago spp.

GENUS DEROSPIDEA BLAKE

Derospidea Blake, 1931, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 79 (2): 32. Type-species: Trirhabda brevicollis      LeConte.
     Pronotum short, broad, width at middle 2 1/2 times length. Elytra pubescent, vittate. Procoxal cavities open behind. Mesotibiae of male usually with broad, curved apical spur. Tarsal claws bifid. Penis short, truncate, not deflexed.
     This genus closely resembles Trirhabda but differs most noticeably by its short prothorax.

Derospidea brevicollis (LeConte)

Trirhabda brevicollis LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 221.
     Elongate. Head yellow-brown with brown spot on occiput; coronal suture impressed from occiput to clypeus. Prothorax yellow-brown, very short, its width decidedly greater than twice its length; with a dark brown subtriangular median spot whose base is anterior, and brown lateral submarginal spots; with deep concave discal furrows. Elytra yellow-brown, pubescent, finely, closely punctate, with broad brown sutural, and a pair of broad brown submarginal vittae. Length 6.5-9.5 mm. Width 3.3-5.0 mm.
     Alabama records: 13 specimens from Baldwin², Marengo¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 7.
     Remarks: Several living larvae, collected in Marengo County, were submitted to the senior author for identification along with some host plant material. Because of its poor condition, the plant material could not be identified. However, Blake (16) said that the prickly-ash, Zanthoxylum sp. and orange, Citrus aurantium, are the known preferred food plants of this beetle.
     Seven adults were reared from the above mentioned larvae, but they did not properly harden or darken. Five larvae were preserved. The larvae differed from those of Trirhabda spp. in being white, rather than dark metallic. They pupated in the soil, rather than upon it.

GENUS PYRRHALTA JOANNIS

Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1866, L'Abeille 3: 82. Subgenus. Type-species: Galeruca viburni Paykull.
Galerucella Crotch, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1873: 55. Subgenus. Type-      species: Chrysomela nymphaeae Linnaeus.
Hydrogaleruca Laboissiere, 1922, Rev. Zool. Africaine 10: 33. Type-species: Chrysomela      nymphaeae Linnaeus.
Neogalerucella Chûjô, 1962, Philippine Jour. Sci. 91: 38. Subgenus. Type-species: Chrysomela      tennella Linnaeus.
Xanthogaleruca Laboissiere, 1934, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 103: 67. Subgenus. Type-      species: Chrysomela luteola Muller.
Tricholochmaea Laboissiere, 1932, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris (2) 4: 963. Subgenus. Type-      species: Galerucella semifulva Jacoby.
     Oval elongate species. Head with coronal suture usually as an impressed median line; antennae about 1/2 total length. Pronotum with median impression and 2 lateral discal fovae. Elytra irregularly punctate. Anterior coxal cavities open. Tibiae lacking terminal spurs but carinate externally.
     Wilcox (96) recognized 3 subgenera of the genus in North America. These are distinguished in the key to genera and subgenera of the Galerucinae. He commented that the genus is in need of a thorough revision.

Pyrrhalta (Galerucella) Crotch

     The species P. (G.) nymphaeae (Linnaeus) is the only member of this subgenus known in North America.

Pyrrhalta (Galerucella) nymphaeae (Linnaeus) *

Chrysomela nymphaeae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 376.
Galeruca femoralis Melsheimer, 1847, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 161.
Galleruca marginella Kirby, 1837, Fauna Bor.-Americana, pt. 4, p. 308.
Galleruca sagittariae Kirby, 1837, Fauna Bor.-Americana, pt. 4, p. 219 (not Gyllenhal).
Galleruca luctuosa Mannerheim, 1852, Bull. Soc. Sup. Nat. Moscow 25: 368.
     Oblong, brown tinged with black. Head brown, occiput and vertex black. Prothorax brown, medial discal area smooth, glabrous, impunctate, shining, but sometimes finely alutaceous. Elytra brown; humeri black with indistinct vittae extending partially caudad from them; punctate, densely, finely pubescent. Prosternum comparatively wide, separating anterior coxae. Apical tibial spurs lacking. Aedeagus long, slender, and symmetrical. Length 5.3-6.0 mm. Width 2.7-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 82 specimens from Lee¹ and Russell¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 16-August 2.
     Remarks: This species is also widely distributed in Europe. In Alabama a very large population was seen living and feeding on the floating leaves of Brassenia schreberi at McCann's Pond, at Seale. Three adults were taken as early as March 16 while larvae, pupae, and adults were collected August 2.

Pyrrhalta (Xanthogaleruca) Laboissiere

     The species P. (X.) luteola (Muller) is the only species of this subgenus known in North America.

Pyrrhalta (Xanthogaleruca) luteola (Müller) *

Chrysomela luteola Müller, 1766, Melang. Soc. Roy. Turin 3: 187.
Chrysomela xanthomelaena Schrank, 1781, Enumeratio Insectorum Austraiae Indigenorum, p.      78.
     Elongate. Head yellow with black, punctate frontooccipital spot and 2 black shining clypeal callosities. Pronotum yellow, shining with black medial and paired lateral disc spots. Elytra yellow, closely punctate, pubescent, with entire broad, black, lateral vittae and a short midbasal brown narrow vittae. Length 6.1-6.8 mm. Width 2.8-3.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 70 specimens from Chambers¹, Conecuh¹, Lee¹, Tallapoosa¹, and Tuscaloosa¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 12-October 9.
     Remarks: This species is commonly known as the elm leaf-beetle (Ulmus sp.). It is an introduced European species. Here it is a serious pest of elm. One specimen was taken at light.

Pyrrhalta (Tricholochmaea) Laboissiere

     Broad, convex. Red, testaceous, brown, or rarely black, but not vittate. Procoxal cavities open. Prosternum not extending between coxae. Middle tibiae of male with a broad apical spur. Epipleura normal. Aedeagus with acute apical tip turned to left; orifice large, asymmetrical, and dorsally weakly sclerotized.
     Wilcox (96) indicated that the larvae feed on plants of various families and that pupation takes place in the soil.

Key to the Alabama Species of Pyrrhalta (Tricholochmaea)

1. Side margins of elytra thickened or with a convexity between the declivity and the epipleural      edge, most noticeable toward base; color blood red; elytra rugosely punctate; pubescence      sparse..... P. (T.) rufosanguinea
    Side margins of elytra without or with but feeble indication of convexity between the     declivity and the epipleural edge, color dark red-brown; elytra not rugosely, but fairly closely,     strongly punctate; strongly pubescent..... P. (T.) perplexa

Pyrrhalta (Tricholochmaea) rufosanguinea (Say) *

Galleruca rufosanguinea Say, 1827, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5 (3): 229.
     Oval, convex, blood red. Antennae, tarsi, and apical portions of tibiae black. Elytra densely, confluently, punctate; pubescent. Length 4.7-5.8 mm. Width 2.5-3.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 3 specimens from Lee¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 26-July 12.
     Remarks: The host plant for this beetle is azalea, Rhododendron spp.

Pyrrhalta (Tricholochmaea) perplexa (Fall) *

Gallerucella perplexa Fall, 1924, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 319, p. 90.
     Oval, dirty red-brown. Head rugose, frons and occiput red-brown, clypeus yellow; antennae black. Pronotum unicolorous, finely rugose, pubescent. Elytra strongly pubescent, closely punctate with rather large punctures. Venter dirty yellow-brown. Tarsi and tibiae black. Length 6.5 mm. Width 3.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Tuscaloosa² County.
     Remarks: The Loding collection contains a single unidentified specimen of this species. It closely resembles P. decora (Say) and P. alni (Fall). Further study of this species complex is needed.

GENUS ORPHRAELLA WILCOX

Ophraella Wilcox, 1965, N. Y. State Mus. & Sci. Soc. Bull. 400: 43. Type-species: Galleruca      notata Fabricius.
     Pale yellow-brown species, usually with narrow black elytral stripes, or elytra entirely pale. Elytra usually rather densely pubescent. Third antennal segment longer than 4th. Procoxae not divided by prosternum; procoxal cavities open. Aedeagus slender and symmetrical.

Key to the Alabama Species of Ophraella

1. Broadly oval and strongly convex; pronotum strongly convex with distinct lateral callosities,      lateral depressions obsolete; aedeagus nearly symmetrical at apex..... 2
    Body more depressed; pronotum lacking definite lateral callosities, lateral depressions well      defined..... 3
2. Upper surface virtually glabrous; pronotum smoother and more shining, punctation sparser      and unevenly distributed; 5.0-6.5 mm. long; on goldenrod (Solidago sp.)..... O. cribrata
    Upper surface conspicuously pubescent with a mixture of erect and subrecumbent hairs;      pronotum densely and rugosely punctate; 4.5-6.0 mm. long; on Solidago sp...... O.      americana
3. Elytra vittate..... 4
    Elytra with lateral and sutural margins orange-yellow, disc coarsely punctate and either     entirely black, or black apically with basal indications of 3 black vittae per elytron.....O.     conferta
4. Sutural vitta usually present (occasionally obsolescent in O. integra and O. notata) with 3     discal vittae..... 5
    Sutural vitta always entirely absent; with 3, usually entire, black discal vittae..... O. conferta
5. First discal vitta long, greater than 3 times length of scutellum..... 6
    First discal vitta short, about 2 or 3 times length of scutellum..... O. notata
6. First discal and sutural vittae joining at apex..... O. integra
    First discal vitta joining sutural or becoming obsolete at middle of elytra..... O. notulata

Ophraella americana (Fabricius)

Galleruca americana Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 489.
     Oval, convex, strongly pubescent with erect, bristly setae. Head brown, frons rugose-punctate, coronal suture dark brown. Pronotum rugosely punctate. Elytra brown, closely punctate with large, sometimes confluent punctures; each elytron usually with 3 black or dark brown narrow vittae, the median most frequently and the others occasionally obsolete or obsolescent. Length 4.2-7.0 mm. Width 2.1-3.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 14 specimens from Baldwin¹, Calhoun¹, Marion¹, Mobile^2,3, and Winston¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: January 25-September 17.
     Remarks: The food plant of these beetles has not been recorded. We have referred to this species 2 smaller specimens from Mobile County. Both of these have the conspicuous bristly pubescence and large elytral punctures of americana; however, they are smaller (4.2-5.1 mm. in length) and the smaller of the 2 has only median indications of the medial and lateral vittae. The subsutural vitta is completely absent. Loding had identified this smaller specimen as Galerucella americana, but he incorrectly called the 3 larger specimens G. sexvittata.

Ophraella cribrata (LeConte) *

Galeruca cribrata LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 215.
     Oval, convex, dirty yellow-brown. Coronal suture of head impressed, darker brown. Pronotum irregularly punctate, medial disc smoother, alutaceous; glabrous or nearly so. Elytra with 3 brown vittae; densely punctate with large punctures; very sparsely pubescent, setae short. Length 6.0-6.8 mm. Width 3.2-4.0 mm.
     Alabama records: 8 specimens from Cleburne¹, Lawrence¹, Madison¹, and Marion¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 3-July 27.
     Remarks: Woods (97) recorded goldenrod (Solidago sp.) as the host plant.

Ophraella conferta (LeConte) *

Galeruca conferta LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 215.
     Broadly oval. Head brown with median black frontal wedge. Basal antennal segments brown basally, black apically, apical segment entirely black. Pronotum brown with elongate median and irregularly shaped lateral black discal spots; rugosely punctate, pubescent. Elytra brown, densely punctate, pubescent; with 3 narrow, long, subparallel, black vittae; or disc partly or entirely black, lateral and sutural margins orange-yellow. Length 5.1-6.1 mm. Width 2.5-3.7 mm.
     Alabama records: 57 specimens from Autauga¹, Chambers³, Clay³, Coosa¹, Lee¹, Limestone¹, Lowndes¹, Madison¹, Mobile^2,3, and Shelby³ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 5-August 13.
     Remarks: The food plant of O. conferta is not known. However, this species may not be specifically distinct from O. sexvittata (LeConte) (94, 53), for which goldenrod (Solidago sp.) has been a recorded host (94).
     Specimens from Mobile County have the elytra nearly entirely black except for the margins. The other beetles, collected in Clay and Macon counties, also have this appearance. However, these with further study may prove to be specifically distinct. Their elytral punctures are larger and coarser, and their elytral pubescence is quite sparse.
     The superscript ³ for distribution records refers to material seen in the USNM.

Ophraella integra (LeConte) *

Galeruca integra LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17: 218.
     Elongate ovl, dull yellow. Head usually with black median frontal spot, but occasionally lacking this. Pronotum pubescent, punctate, somewhat smoother, shining on metal disc; usually with, but also without, 3 black discal spots. Elytra closely punctate, with fine pubescence; 3 narrow black vittae per elytron, 1st discal vitta confluent with sutural at apex. Length 4.7-5.8 mm. Width 2.1-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 13 specimens from Autauga¹, Lee¹, Pickens¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 2-July 20.
     Remarks: Ten specimens of this species were collected by a home gardner on a plant he called "waxweed" (?Cuphea petiolata).

Ophraella notulata (Fabricius)

Galleruca notulata Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 489.
     Oblong, yellow. Head yellow with black occipital spot. Pronotum with median and paired lateral discal black spots. Elytra closely punctate, pubescent with erect and recumbent setae; sutural vittae usually beginning only at basal third, 1st discal beginning at base, then running obliquely and merging with sutural at about elytral half, 2nd discal extent only in apical half, lateral vittae wider beginning at humeri and terminating subapically. Length 4.2-5.3 mm. Width 1.8-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 54 specimens from Barbour¹, Cleburne¹, Coosa¹, Dallas¹, DeKalb¹, Escambia¹, Etowah², Houston¹, Jefferson¹, Lawrence¹, Lee¹, Limestone¹, Macon¹, Madison¹, Marion¹, Mobile^2,3, Shelby¹, and Talladega¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 19-September 18.
     Remarks: Ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., is the host plant for this beetle (97). Some specimens also have been taken in light traps.

Ophraella notata (Fabricius) *

Galleruca notata Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 488.
     Oblong oval, dirty yellow-brown. Head with narrow median frontal black spot. Pronotum with elongate median and round lateral discal black spots. Elytra finely closely punctate, pubescent; black sutural vittae beginning from basal fourth, lateral vittae running from humeri to pre-apex. Length 4.0-5.8 mm. Width 2.1-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 34 specimens from Baldwin¹, Lee¹, Madison¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 4-November 2.
     Remarks: Woods (97) reported boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum, as host. The writers have taken a single specimen from Aster strigosis.

GENUS ERYNEPHALA BLAKE

Erynephala Blake, 1936, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 26: 425. Type-species: Galeruca maritima      LeConte.
     Medium sized (6.0-8.0 mm.), elongate, subparallel beetles. Color brown-yellow, often with black markings. Procoxal cavities narrowly open behind. Tibiae without apical spurs. Tarsal claws simple.
     Only 1 species occurs in Alabama.

Erynephala puncticollis (Say)

Galleruca puncticollis Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 458.
Galeruca erosa LeConte, 1885, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 13: 28.
     Elongate, brown-yellow. Head closely cribrate, frontal suture with narrow dark brown line, or more rarely occiput and upper frons black. Pronotum moderately scabrose. Elytra finely pubescent; closely, finely, punctate; with submarginal black vittae and narrower, interrupted black or brown subsutural vittae. Length 6.1-7.4 mm. Width 3.1-3.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 8 specimens from Mobile^2,3 County.
     Seasonal distribution: April 8-May 7.
     Remarks: The specimens studied appear to be intermediate between typical E. puncticollis and E. puncticollis var. texana Schaeffer. Further, a single specimen with black occiput and frons appears intermediate between E. puncticollis and the eastern species, E. maritima (LeConte).

Tribe Luperini

     Males have the last ventral abdominal segment's apical lobe either rectangular or absent. The coronal suture is rarely visible. The mandibular teeth are usually acute and the tibiae usually have apical spurs. The larvae are subterranean (96).

SUBTRIBE DIABROTICINA

GENUS DIABROTICA CHEVROLAT

Diabrotica Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. 3, p. 404. Type-species: Crioceris      fucata Fabricius.
     Medium sized, elongate or oval. Head not deeply inserted into prothorax. Antennae slender, longer than 1/2 the body length, segment 2 slightly shorter than 3. Pronotum subquadrate, disc bifoveate. Procoxae touching, cavities open behind. Tibiae with apical spurs (except protibiae of males) and with carinae on outer edges. Tarsal claws bifid.

Key to the Alabama Species of Diabrotica

1. Elytra yellow or green, unicolorous or with fasciae or maculae..... 2
    Elytra entirely black..... D. cristata
2. Elytra green or yellow, without black spots..... 3
    Elytra yellow or green-yellow with black spots..... D. undecimpunctata howardi
3 . Elytra unicolorous green or yellow-green with plicae extending apically from humeri..... D.      longicornis barberi
      Elytra light green with yellow spots and fasciae; without longitudinal plicae..... D. balteata

Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber

Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, 1947, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 49: 153.      (subsp.) (new name for Chrysomela duodecompunctata Fabricius, 1775).
Chrysomela duodecompunctata Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. p. 103 (not Linnaeus, 1758).
     Oval. Head, antennae (except basal 3 segments which are yellow), tibiae, tarsi, femoral apexes, metasternum, and episterna black. Pronotum and elytra green-yellow (without green in dried specimens), the pronotum shining, impunctate; the elytra finely moderately punctate, with paired humeral, two confluent subscutellar, 4 separate mid-elytral and 4 separate preapical black spots. Length 4.6-7.7 mm. Width 2.5-4.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 41 specimens from Baldwin¹, Clay¹, Covington¹, Dallas¹, Etowah², DeKalb¹, Lee¹, Madison¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: January 1-December 31.
     Remarks: Because of its economic importance as a pest of corn (Zea mays) and cucurbits, this species is commonly known both as the southern corn rootworm and the spotted cucumber beetle. It may be taken at any time of the year.

Diabrotica balteata LeConte

Diabrotica balteata LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia p. 213.
Diabrotica sallei Baly, 1886, Jour. Linn. Soc. Zool. 19: 227.
     Oval. Head with frons and occiput red, clypeus yellow. Pronotum light green. Elytra light green with 4 basal yellow spots and 3 yellow fasciae interrupted at suture and placed at elytral half, at 3/4 elytral length, and at apex. Length 5.6-6.3 mm. Width 2.8-3.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 20 specimens from Baldwin¹, Houston¹, Lee¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 30-December 29.
     Remarks: This species, also, is of economic importance. It is known as the banded cucumber beetle.

Diabrotica longicornis barberi Smith and Lawrence*

Diabrotica longicornis barberi Smith and Lawrence, 1967. Univ. of Calif. Pub. in Entomol. 45:      87.
     Elongate, light green; antennae, clypeus, tibiae laterally, humeri, metasternum and episterna green-brown. Elytra irregularly closely, coarsely punctate, with several plicae extending diagonally from humeri. Length 5.3 mm. Width 2.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 2 specimens from Jackson and Limestone counties.
     Remarks: This is the northern corn rootworm. The Limestone County record is from Dr. Ray F. Smith (personal communication).

Diabrotica cristata (Harris)

Galeruca (Adimonia) cristata Harris, 1837, Trans. Hartf. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 90.
Galleruca atripennis Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3(2): 461 (Not Fabricius,      1801).
     Elongate, black. Eyes usually black, occasioanlly red. Prothorax orange, shining, with 2 discal fovea. Elytra with oblique plicae extending mesad from humeri. Abdomen of females yellow; males black. Length 4.2-5.3 mm. Width 1.9-2.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 57 specimens from Colbert, Marion, and Winston counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3-27.
     Remarks: A large series of this species was collected by the senior author on the Ohio spiderwort, Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Loding recorded this species as D. atripennis (Say), a synonym (89).

GENUS ACALYMMA BARBER

Acalymma Barber, 1947, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 49: 154. Type-species: Acalymma gouldi      Barber.
     Small beetles. Head not inserted into prothorax to eyes, antennae longer than 1/2 of body length, slender; 2nd segment about 1/2 length of 3rd. Pronotum without spots, bifoveate, fovea separated by less than their diameters. Elytra carinate, punctate and vittate. All tibiae with apical spurs in both sexes.

Key to the Alabama Species of Acalymma

1. Elytral black vittae wider than yellow vittae, abdomen yellow..... A. vinctum
    Elytral yellow vittae wider than black vittae, abdomen black..... A. vittatum

Acalymma vinctum (LeConte)

Diabrotica vincta LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17: 416.
     Elongate. Head, antennae, tarsi, tibiae, and femoral apexes brown-black. Pronotum orange-yellow, shining, bifoveate. Elytra black with narrow discal vittae and margins yellow. Prosternum, mesosternum, and abdomen yellow. Length 4.7-6.0 mm. Width 2.3-3.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 11 specimens from Lee and Mobile counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 10-September 17.
     Remarks: This species is attracted to light. It probably feeds on cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae).

Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius)

Crioceris vittata Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. p. 122.
Cistela melanocephala Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. p. 118.
Cryptocephalus (Cistela) americanus Gmelin, 1790, Linne Syst. Nat. 1(4): 1715 (replacement      name for Cistela melanocephala Fabricius).
     Elongate. Head and venter except prothorax black. Prothorax yellow, pronotum shining, bifoveate. Elytra yellow with sutural and submarginal vittae black; yellow vittae wider than black vittae. Legs yellow except tarsi, femoral apexes, and tibial bases black. Length 4.7-6.0 mm. Width 2.5-3.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 18 specimens from Baldwin¹, Dale¹, Dallas¹, DeKalb¹, Lee¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 8-November 14.
     Remarks: These beetles are attracted to light and are economic pests of cucurbits (Cucurbitacae).

GENUS CEROTOMA CHEVROLAT

Cerotoma Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. p. 403. Type-species: Crioceris      caminea Fabricius.
Cerotana Bowditch, 1913, Psyche 20: 126 (error for Cerotoma).
Cerotoma Guerin, 1953, Coleopt. Brasil (error for Cerotoma).
Andrector Horn, 1872, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 4: 152. Type-species: Andrector      sexpunctatus Horn.
     Oval, yellow or orange species marked with black. Third antennal segment longer than 4th. Procoxal cavities closed behind; tarsal claws appendiculate. Only 1 species of this genus occurs in Alabama.

Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster)

Chrysomela trifurcata Forster,1771, Nov. Spec. Ins. 1: 29.
Crioceris caminea Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 459.
Galeruca fibulata Germar, 1824, Ins. Spec. Nov., p. 601.
     Oval yellow or orange, with black head, meso- and metathorax and abdomen; elytra with only triangular scutellar spot black or more frequently with scutellar spot, 3 tandem subsutural spots and submarginal vitta black. Length 4.2-6.0 mm. Width 2.1-3.3 mm.
     Alabama records: 62 specimens from DeKalb¹, Houston¹, Jackson¹, Lee¹, Limestone¹, Macon¹, Marion¹, Marshall¹, Mobile^1,2, Randolph¹, St. Clair¹, Tallapoosa¹, and Talladega¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: February 6-September 21.
     Remarks: This species is economically known as the bean leaf beetle. It feeds on legumes (Leguminosea).

GENUS PHYLLECTHRIS DEJEAN

Phyllecthris Dejean, 1837, Cat. Coleopt. ed. 3, p. 406 (ed. 2, p. 382). Type-species: Galeruca      dorsalis Olivier.
     Elongate, dorsally glabrous, black and yellow or orange beetles. Antennae long, 2nd and 3rd joints together shorter than 4th. Pronotum subquadrate, lateral margins with bead; with presbasal lunate depression. Elytra epipleura distinct but narrowing apically. Procoxal cavities open behind. Meso and metatibiae with terminal spurs, mesotibiae of males apically incised. Tarsal claws appendiculate.

Key to the Alabama Species of Phyllecthris

1. Large, 5.0-6.5 mm. in length; elytra entirely black..... P. dorsalis
    Small, 3.0-4.0 mm. in length; elytra black with suture and margins yellow..... P. gentilis

Phyllecthris dorsalis Olivier

Galeruca dorsalis Olivier, 1808, Ent. 6: 646.
Galleruca atriventris Say, 1824, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3(2): 461.
     Oblong oval. Head entirely yellow-orange, alutaceous; frontal tubercles and clypeus shining. Antennae black. Pronotum usually bicolored yellow-orange and black; lateral marginal beads and medial basal spot yellow-orange, disc laterally and apically black; with shallow prebasal depression. Elytra black, alutaceous. Scutellum yellow-orange. Length 5.7-6.5 mm. Width 2.8-3.3 mm.
     Alabama records: 5 specimens from Madison^2,3 and Mobile^2,3 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 6-June 11.

Phyllecthris gentilis LeConte

Phyllechthrus gentilis LeConte, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 208.
Phyllechthrus nigripennis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 2: 58.
     Elongate. Head yellow. Pronotum yellow with sublateral broad, black vittae; subbasal transverse fovea. Elytra black, sutural, apical, and lateral margins yellow. Venter yellow except 5th visible abdominal segment black. Legs yellow, tibiae apically and laterally, tarsi dorsally brownish. Length 3.0 mm. Width 1.3 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Winston¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3.
     Remarks: Londing's Alabama report (75) of this species was based on an apparently misidentified specimen, which the senior author determined as P. dorsalis. The only true P. gentilis from Alabama was collected by the senior author. Wilcox (94) claims Lespedeza as a host plant while Horn (23) reported Robinia pseudoacacia as such.

SUBTRIBE MONOLEPTINA

GENUS CALOMICRUS STEPHENS

Calomicrus Stephens, 1831, British Entomol., Mandib. 4: 239. Type-species: Crioceris      circumfusus Marsham.
Monolepta Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt. ed. 3, p. 407 (ed. 2, p. 383). Type-species:      Crioceris bioculata Fabricius.
Luperodes Motschulsky, 1858, Etud. Entomol. 7: 102. Type-species: Luperodes alboplagiatus      Motschulsky.
     Oval or elongate oval, more or less convex. Prothorax more narrow than elytra; pronotum with or without distinct depression; elytral punctation confused. Antennae normal, segments unmodified. Legs normal and tibiae of both sexes all without apical spurs. Last ventral abdominal segment of male with large, nearly square, apical lobe. Procoxal cavities open or closed. Aedeagus symmetrical.
     Wilcox (96) reviewed the generic limits and included species.

Calomicrus brunneus (Crotch)

Luperus brunneus Crotch, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 25: 44.
Luperodes davisi Leng, 1911, Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 19: 194.
     Oblong oval. Head, prothorax, and femora dirty yellow-brown (or prothorax less frequently dark brown). Elytra elongate, more or less evenly convex; dark borwn, shining, finely, closely punctate; sparsely setose laterally and apically. Metasternum, abdominal sternites, tibiae, and tarsi dark brown, pubescent. Procoxal cavities either open or closed posteriorly. Length 3.2-4.2 mm. Width 1.6-2.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 98 specimens from Bibb¹, Choctaw¹, Clay¹, Etowah², Lamar¹, Lee¹, Madison², Randolph¹, Russell¹, and Tuscaloosa² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3-October 20.
     Remarks: This species is commonly known as the corn silk beetle and is frequently a pest on corn (Zea mays), okra (Hibiscus esculentus), and cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) (18). It was formerly listed by Loding (75) as Luperodes davisi Leng, a name which Blake (18) had synonymized with L. brunneus. Wilcox (96) transferred L. brunneus to the genus Calomicrus.

SUBTRIBE LUPERINA

GENUS PHYLLOBROTICA CHEVROLAT

Phyllobrotica Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. 3, p. 405. Type-species:      Chrysomela quadrimaculata Linnaeus.
     Elongate, small to medium sized black and yellow beetles. Prothorax with semicircular prebasal transverse depression. Elytra subparallel, epipleural fold extremely narrow, indistinct. Procoxal cavities open behind; tarsal claws appndiculate.

Key to the Alabama Species of Phyllobrotica

1. Frons and occiput of head black, clypeus and lybrum yellow..... 2
    Head entirely yellow..... 3
2. Elytra yellow with black subsutural and submarginal vittae..... P. vittata
    Elytra black with sutural and lateral margins yellow, sometimes with faint yellowish     indications at basal 1/3 slightly mesad of a line from humeri..... P. stenidea
3. Tibial apexes dark brown or black, bases yellow; humeri usually pale; last ventral abdominal      segment of male with shallow longitudinal depression..... P. discoidea
    Tibiae entirely yellow; black areas of elytra covering humeri; last ventral abdominal segment      of male with deep nearly circular depression..... P. limbata

Phyllobrotica vittata Horn

Phyllobrotica vittata Horn, 1893, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 20: 98, 100.
     Elongate. Head and antennae black, clypeus and labrum yellow. Pronotum yellow, alutaceous, with a transverse subbasal depression. Elytra yellow with subsutural and submarginal black vittae, lateral edges parallel. Venter and legs yellow, tarsi slightly brown. Male with 5th visible abdominal sternite longer than first 3 combined and with longitudinal bowl-shaped depression; hind femora of male somewhat enlarged. Fifth abdominal sternite of female subequal in length with first 4 and evenly convex. Length 5.3-5.8 mm. Width 2.1-2.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 3 specimens from Etowah^2,3, Jefferson², and Marion^2,3 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3-25.

Phyllobrotica stenidea Schaeffer

Phyllobrotica stenidea Schaeffer, 1932, Canadian Entomol. 64: 238.
     Elongate. Head and antennae black, clypeus and labrum yellow. Pronotum yellow, smooth. Elytra black with narrow sutural, apical, and lateral margins with very faint yellow areas at basal 1/3 just slightly mesad from a line parallel with humeri; surface finely punctate, alutaceous. Venter brown, except prothorax and mesosternum yellow; legs yellow, tarsi brown.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Clarke² County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 15.
     Remarks: It is possible that if more specimens of this infrequently collected species are assembled, it and P. vittata Horn may be found to be conspecific.

Phyllobrotica discoidea (Fabricius)

Galleruca discoidea Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 485.
Galleruca circumdata Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, p. 457.
     Elongate. Head, prothorax, meso and meta thorax ventrally, femora and bases of tibiae yellow. Antennae, elytra except margins, tibial apexes, and abdomen black. Elytra moderately coarsely punctate, and very slightly costate in some specimens. Fifth visible abdominal sternite of male with shallow longitudinal depression. Length 5.8-7.0 mm. Width 2.3-2.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 9 specimens from Mobile County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 19-July 25.

Phyllobrotica limbata (Fabricius)

Galleruca limbata Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 1: 486.
     Elongate. Closely resembling P. discoidea. Humeri and tarsi usually dark, but tibiae yellow. Elytra finely punctate. Fifth abdominal sternite of males with deep nearly circular depression. Length 6.0-6.1 mm. Width 2.7-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: 3 specimens from Lee¹, Madison², and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3-July 20.