Tribe Zygogrammini
Tribe Doryphorini
Tribe Chrysomelini
Tribe Prasocurini
Tribe Entomoscelini

Tribe Zygogrammini

     Vittate species. Procoxal cavities open behind; tarsal claws simple, connate, parallel, and contiguous at base. Apical segment of maxillary palpi subquadrangular or dilated, apically truncate.
     Only the genus Zygogramma Chevrolat occurs in Alabama.

GENUS ZYGOGRAMMA CHEVROLAT

Zygogramma Chevrolat, 1837, in DeJean, Cat. Coleopt. ed. 2: 398.
Zygosphila Achard, 1923, Fragm. Entomol., 53.
     Oval, convex beetles. Head and pronotum brown, elytra yellow and vittate or graphically colored with brown. Procoxal cavities open behind, tarsal claws simple, connate, parallel, and contiguous at base.
     Two species, one with 2 subspecies, are found in the State.

Chrysomela suturalis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. p. 95.
Chrysomela pulcra Fabricius, 1792, Entomol. Syst. I., p. 313.
     Oval, strongly convex. Head and pronotum brown to dark brown, sparsely irregularly punctate. Elytra yellow with common sutural vitta brown to second row of strial punctures and with brown lateral vittae from 3rd to about 7th striae, 7th medially notched on lateral margin. Elytral epiplurae pale anteriorly but posteriorly brown usually about 1/2 elytral length. Length 5.1-6.6 mm. Width 3.9-4.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 43 specimens from Barbour¹, Jackson¹, Lawrence¹, Lee¹, Limestone¹, Macon¹, Marion¹, Marshall¹, Mobile², Randolph¹, Tallapoosa¹, and Winston¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 13-October 12.
     Remarks: This species feeds on Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

Zygogramma suturalis casta Rogers

Chrysomela casta Rogers, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 33 (aberr.).
Chrysomela festiva Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. p. 100.
     Oval, strongly convex. Differs from nominate subspecies by having the brown lateral vitta divided into two narrower vittae connected at apex. Elytral epipleurae nearly completely yellow. Length 5.6 mm. Width 4.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Macon¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: June 11.
     Remarks: Zygogramma suturalis casta appears to be a more northern form, but its geographic limits are not known. The variation may be clinal rather than in a pattern indicative of subspecies. Possibly the name casta should be placed in synonymy with suturalis.

Zygogramma heterothecae Linell

Zygogramma heterothecae Linell, 1896, Jour. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 4: 197.
     Oval, convex. Head and pronotum brown. Elytra yellow, sparsely punctate with brown punctures; each elytron with brown sutural and subsutural obsolescent vittae; laterad of these vittae, 3 tandem, obsolescent brown spots; and laterad of these spots an obsolescent sinuate vitta. One or 2 brown spots along margin. Length 4.9-5.8 mm. Width 3.5-4.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 2 specimens from Mobile^2,3 County.
     Seasonal distribution: August 8.
     Remarks: This species is also known from Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.

Tribe Doryphorini

     Oval, very convex species. Procoxal cavities open behind. Apical segment of maxillary palpi subquadrangular or dilated, apically truncate. Tarsal claws simple, divergent from base. Third tarsal segment very slightly emarginate (nearly entire).
     Four genera occur in Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Genera and Subgenera of Doryphorini (Adapted from Arnett (1))

1. Maxillary palpi with apical segment shorter than preceding, truncate..... 2
    Maxillary palpi with apical segment not shorter than preceding, dilated, truncate..... 3
2. Mesosternum forming blunt tubercle between mesocoxae; profemora of male strongly       toothed..... Labidomera
     Mesosternum not raised above level of prosternum; profemora of male simple.....       Leptinotarsa
3. Sides of pronotum not thickened; dark, elytra without spots, margins sometimes pale.....      Oreina
    Sides of pronotum thickened; elytra pale with dark markings delimited by punctures..... 4      Calligrapha
4. Elytra pale with longitudinal dark stripes, without numerous spots; penis with apical       spiculi..... Calligrapha (Bidensomela)
     Elytra pale with numerous small dark spots, spots may rarely form irregular stripes but       these forms also have separate spots; penis with lateral apical spiculi, without truncate       projection..... Calligrapha (Calligrapha)

GENUS LABIDOMERA CHEVROLAT

Labidomera Chevrolat, 1837, in DeJean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. 2: 397.
Paropsimena Motschoulsky, 1860, in Schrenck, Reisen u. Forsch. Amur-Lande, 2, Lief. 2, Col., 192.
     Broadly oval, convex beetles of large size. Apical segment of maxillary palpi broadly dilated and truncate on apical margin, longer than penultimate segment. Mesosternum strongly convex forming blunt tubercle between mesocoxae.
     One species occurs in Alabama.

Labidomera clivicollis (Kirby)

Chrysomela clivicollis Kirby, 1837, Insects in Richardson's Fauna Bor. Americana IV, p. 213.
Chrysomela trimaculata Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol., p. 95.
     Broadly oval, convex. Head, prothorax, venter, and legs blue-black. Elytra yellow with broad sinuate anterior fasciae, 2 large subapical spots and suture blue-black. Length 9.1-9.8 mm. Width 6.8-7.0 mm.
     Alabama records: 5 specimens from Baldwin¹ and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: July 3-26.
     Remarks: Wilcox (94) reported this species to be common in Ohio on swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata.

GENUS LEPTINOTARSA STAL

Leptinotarsa Stål, 1858, Öfv. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Förh., 15: 475.
Myocoryna Stål, 1859, Öfv. Vetemsk, Akad. Förh. 16: 316 (not Chevrolat, 1837).
?Polygramma Chevrolat, 1837, in DeJean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. 2: 397.
     Large, oval, convex, vittate species. Apical segment of maxillary palpi not as wide as and shorter than penultimate. Mesosternum flat or very slightly convex.
     Two species occur in Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Species of Leptinotarsa

1. Elytral black vittae margined by irregular rows of punctures; the 2nd and 3rd vittae confluent      apically..... L. decemlineata
    Elytral black vittae margined by regular straight rows of punctures; the 3rd and 4th vittae      confluent apically..... L. juncta

Leptinotarsa decimlineata (Say) Fig. 12

Chrysomela decimlineata Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 453.
Leptinotarsa multilineata Stål, 1859, Öfv. Svenska Vet. Acad. For. 16: 316.
     Broadly ovate, convex. Yellow, head with median frontal black spot. Pronotum marked with black spots, 2 median spots elongate and often convergent basally. Elytra with suture and 5 discal black vittae, 2nd and 3rd joined at apex. Elytral strial punctures in irregular rows. Length 7.0-10.5 mm. Width 5.3-8.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 34 specimens from Baldwin¹, Cleburne¹, Jackson¹, Lee¹, Macon¹, and Mobile^1,2 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 8-September 22.
     Remarks: This is the economically important Colorado potato beetle. In Alabama it has been collected from the egg-plant, Solanum melongena.

Leptinotarsa juncta (Germar)

Chrysomela junsta Germar, 1824, Insect. Sp. Nov. . . p. 590.
     Broadly oval, convex. Yellow. Head with 2 black spots on clypeus and A-shaped spot on frons, sometimes interuppted into 2 or 3 spots. Pronotum marked with numerous black spots, 2 median spots more elongate. Each elytron with 5 black vittae, 3rd and 4th connected apically. Elytral strial punctures in regular rows. Length 10.2-11.9 mm. Width 6.7-8.4 mm.
     Alabama records: 18 specimens from Baldwin¹, Dallas¹, Lee¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 15-October 18.
     Remarks: This, the false potato beetle, feeds on Solanum carolinense, according to Wilcox (94).

GENUS CALLIGRAPHA CHEVROLAT

Calligrapha Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt., ed. 2(5): 398.
Polyspila Hope, 1840, Coleopt. Man. 3: 165.
Phyllis Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr., 123 (not Gistl, 1834; not Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
Metallographa Motschoulsky, 1860, in Schrenck, Reisen u. Forsch. Amur-Lande, 2, Lief. 2,      Col., 198.
Boliographa Motschoulsky, 1860, in Schrenck, Reisen u. Forsch. Amur-Lande, 2, Lief. 2, Col.,      198.
Graphicallo Monrós, 1955, Coleopt. Bull. 9: 57. Type-species: Calligrapha lunata F.      Subgenus.
Bidensomela Monrós, 1955, Coleopt. Bull. 9: 54. Type-species: Calligrapha bidenticola      Brown. Subgenus.
Calligramma Monrós, 1955. Coleopt. Bull. 9:56. Type-species: Calligrapha cephalanti Schw.      Subgenus.
Acalligrapha Monrós, 1955, Coleopt. Bull. 9:55. Type-species: Calligrapha praecelis Rog.      Subgenus.
Coreopsomela Monrós, 1955, Coleopt. Bull. 9:55. Type-species: Calligrapha californica      Linell. (Subgenus).
     Oval convex beetles. Maxillary palpi with apical segment dilated, truncate. Sides of pronotum thickened. Elytra pale with longitudinal dark stripes in subgenus Calligrapha.
     Brown (34) studied the Canadian species of this genus and indicated that studies involving food plants are necessary. Such work needs to be done over wide areas to ascertain geographical ranges and determine what geographical variation occurs among these cryptic species. Five species are presently known from Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Species of Calligrapha

1. Elytra spotted or with poorly defined vittae..... 2
    Elytra not spotted but with regular vittae..... C. (B.) bidenticola
2. Sutural and subsutural vittae separate, not confluent..... 3
    Sutural and subsutural confluent..... C. (C.) scalaris
3. Pronotum always entirely dark green or blue-green.... 4
    Pronotum yellow with discal brown markings or sometimes with narrow basal transverse     green fascia..... C. (C.) multipunctata multipunctata
4. Pronotum distinctly alutaceous..... C. (C.) philadelphia
    Pronotum shining blue-green..... C. (C.) amelia

Calligrapha (Calligrapha) amelia Knab

Calligrapha amelia Knab, 1909, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 11: 86.
     Oval, convex. Head, pronotum, and venter dark shining metallic green. Legs and elytra yellow, the latter marked with black spots. Resembles C. (C.) philadelphica but differs in having subsutural vittae extending further posteriorly (usually beyond the apical declivity). Arcuate band entire or interrupted, if interrupted posterior portion often boomerang-shaped. Subsutural spots of apical declivity not joined to sutural stripe. Length 8.1-9.1 mm. Width 4.9-6.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 5 specimens from Tuscaloosa² County.
     Seasonal distribution: June 19-20.
     Remarks: Although no Alabama host plant records were seen, Wilcox (94) indicated that alder (Alnus sp.) was a host.

Calligrapha (Calligrapha) multipunctata multipunctata (Say)

Chrysomela multipunctata Say,1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 450.
     Elongate oval. Front of head shining green, punctate, clypeus red. Pronotum yellow with red discal markings, sometimes with narrow transverse green basal fascia. Elytra with subsutural vittae separate from sutural vittae, terminating at and not confluent with posterior subsutural spots of apical declivity; arcuate bands represented by only anterior and posterior spots. Length 7.4-8.1 mm. Width 4.7-5.3 mm.
     Alabama records: 10 specimens from Bullock¹, Lee¹, and Tuscaloosa^2,3 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 17-June 20.
     Remarks: The northern subspecies, C. (C.) multipunctata bigsbyana (Kirby), differs in having the pronotum blue-green bordered anteriorly and laterally with yellow. These beetles are said to feed on willow (94).

Calligrapha (Calligrapha) philadelphica (Linnaeus)*

Chrysomela philadelphica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 372.
Chrysomela ruficornis Olivier, 1970, Encyc. Méthod. Hist. Nat. Insectes, V., p. 503.
Chrysomela decipiens Weber, 1801, Obser. Entomol., Cont. Nov. . . . p. 52.
     Elongate oval. Head, prothorax, and venter dark blue-green. Elytra yellow with black markings. Sutural and subsutural vittae separate. Sutural vittae usually obsolete from basal 3rd but in some beetles extending to apical 4th. Length 8.2 mm. Width 4.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Lee¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 1.
     Remarks: The host plant is Cornus stolonifera.

Calligrapha (Calligrapha) scalaris (J. E. LeConte)

Chrysomela scalaris J. E. LeConte, 1824, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1: 173.
Chrysomela multiguttis Stål, 1865, Mono. des Chrysomélides de l'Amérique Nov. Act. Soc. Sci.      Upsaliensis, ser. 3, 5: 261 (III).
     Oval, convex. Head, prothorax and venter shining, dark blue-green. Elytra bright yellow with shining dark blue-green spots. Sutural and subsutural vittae confluent, reaching apex, either abruptly angulately narrowed or tapering just before apex; subsutural spots of apical declivity confluent with subsutural vittae. Length 7.7-8.2 mm. Width 4.4-5.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 3 specimens from Lee¹ and Mobile¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: February 10-July 7.
     Remarks: American elm is the recorded preferred host (94,34). No hosts were noted for the Alabama specimens.

Calligrapha (Bidensomela) bidenticola (Brown)

Calligrapha bidenticola Brown, 1945, Canadian Entomol. 77: 122.
Chrysomela similis Rogers, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 35 (not Müller, 1776).
     Broadly oval, convex. Head, prothorax, and venter brown, alutaceous. Elytra yellow with three broad dark brown vittae, sutural vitta extending from base to apex or just before apex, its width of 2 interstrial spaces per elytron; 2nd interstrial space not reaching base and emarginate there between it and first interstrial space; lateral vittae neither touching base nor reaching apex but occasionally subapically confluent with sutural vitta, its width from distinct 3rd stria laterad to about indistinct 8th, being laterally emarginate at 1/2 the elytral length. Length 6.5-7.4 mm. Width 4.4-4.7 mm.
     Alabama records: Dallas¹, Jackson¹, Macon¹, Marion¹, and Mobile^1,2 counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 15-September 12.
     Remarks: This species very closely resembles Zygogramma suturalis (Fabricius), which was how Loding's specimens were identified. It differs most noticeably from Z. suturalis in having divaricate tarsal claws. Host plant records for C. (B.) bidenticola include Bidens spp., Ambrosia sp., and Coreopsis sp. (94). We have swept a single specimen from Cornus sp.
     Monrós (80) claimed to have seen specimens from Alabama which were intermediate between typical C. (B.) bidenticola, a northern and western subspecies, and C. (B.) bidenticola meridionalis Monrós, a subspecies from Florida.
     A single specimen in Loding's collection, "Mt. Sano VI•18•1934 H. P. Loding", appears to be closely intermediate between C. (B.) bidenticola and C. (Acalligrapha) pracecelsis Rogers. It may be a hybrid of these 2 species. Its pronotal shape more closely resembles that of C. (B.) bidenticola, but the coloration is more that of C. (A.) pracecelsis, being brown and laterally margined with yellow. The scutellar shape is that of C. (A.) pracecelsis, being more nearly equilaterally triangular and not as apically accuminate as is C. (B.) bidenticola. In elytral markings it more nearly resembles C. (B.) bidenticola, the emarginations of the lateral vittae reaching as far mesad as the 4th striae. Further collecting at Monte Sano from the host plants of the 2 species should shed more light on the status of this form.

GENUS OREINA CHEVROLAT

Chrysomela Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 368 (part). Type-species: Chrysomela trisitis      Fabricius.
Oreina Chevrolat, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Coleopt. ed. 3, 402.
Polysticha Hope, 1840, Col. Mand. 3: 164.
Atecha Chevrolat, 1843, Dict. Univ. 2: 282.
Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860, Screnck's Reisen Amurl. 2: 210. Type-species: Chrysomela      staphylea L.
Anopachys, Centoptera, Chalcoidea, Chrysomorpha, Colophodes, Colaphoptera, Colophosoma,      Craspeda, Dlochrysa, Heliostola, Hoplosoma, Lithoptera, Ovomorpha, Ovosoma, Ovostoma,      Pleurosticha, Stichoptera, Stichosoma, Taeniosticha, Timarchovtera. Threnosoma, Zeugotaenia      Motschulsky, 1860, Schrenck's Reisen Amurl. 2: 190-216.
Chrysochloa Marseul, 1886, Abeille 24: 26.
Hypericia, Sphaeromela Bedel, 1892, Faune Col. Bassin Seine 5: 258, note, 260, note.
Cystocnemis Jacobson, 1894, Deutsche Entomol. Zeits. 1894: 104 (not Motschulsky).
Minckia Strand, 1935, Falia Zool.-hydrobiol. 7: 292 (for Hoplosoma Motschulsky) .
Timarchomina, Timarcholina, Pierryvettia, Menthastriella, Chrysolinopsis, Euchrysolina,      Taeniochrysea, Chrysocrosita, Erythrochrysa, Maenadochrysa, Allochrysolina,      Melasomoptera, Caudatochrysa, Allohypericia, Ghesqiuerita, Naluhia, Bechynè, 1950,      Entomol. Arb. Mus. Frey 1: 51-171.
Palaeosticta, Polystictella Bechynè. Entomol. Arb. Mus. Frey 3: 383, 384.
     Oval convex beetles. Pronotal lateral submarginal sulci with large deep punctures. Anterior coxal cavities open posteriorly, tarsal claws simple, divergent. Interior border of elytral epipleuron posteriorly ciliate.
     Two species of Oreina occur in Alabama: O. subopaca (Rogers) and O. auripennis (Say). Brown (37) recently revised this genus, calling it Chrysolina Motschulsky. We have followed Gressitt and Kimoto (59) in using the name Oreina Chevrolat.

Key to the Alabama Species of Oreina (Adapted from Brown (37))

1. Elytra green, brassy green, or coppery red, or black-brown and feebly bronzed but not      concolorous with darker pronotum; underside and legs usually very dark blue. Pronotal sulci      not deeper basally..... O. auripennis
    Entire insect black or black-brown; elytra and pronotum very feebly bronzed, concolorous.     Pronotal sulci slightly deeper near base..... O. subopaca

Oreina auripennis (Say)

Chrysomela auripennis Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 452.
Chrysomela inornata Rogers, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8:36 (form).
     "Except the elytra, very dark blue or black; elytra varying from bright green through brassy green to coppery red. . . Pronotal sulci strongly impressed from base to apex, not more strongly impressed basally. . . Length 7.0-9.3 mm." (37).
     Alabama records: Mobile³ County.
     Remarks: Loding's collection did not contain specimens of O. auripennis from Alabama but Brown's record was possibly collected by him.

Oreina subopaca (Rogers)

Chrysomela subopaca Rogers, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 36.
Chrysomela cribraria Rogers, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 36.
     Elongate oval, convex. Black or black-brown dorsally. Venter black. Pronotal sulci strongly impressed basally, less strongly impressed at middle and apex. Elytra punctate, punctures tending to be in rows but not striate. Length 7.0-9.1 mm. Width 4.7-6.0 mm.
     Alabama records: 4 specimens from Mobile^2,3 County.
     Seasonal distribution: February 15-July 24.

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Tribe Chrysomelini

     Elongate, convex, unicolorous, or maculate beetles. Procoxal cavities open behind. Apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical or oval, apically attenuate. Third tarsal segment usually deeply emarginate (bilobed?), but also simple. Tarsal claws simple, divergent.
     The following 4 genera occur in Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Genera of Chrysomelini (Adapted from Wilcox in Arnett (1))

 1. Prosternum produced posteriorly as a distinct process..... 2
     Prosternum not produced behind as a process; on Rumex spp. or Polygonum spp......      Gastrophysa
2. Third tarsal segment distinctly emarginate and bilobed; on Cruciferae..... Phaedon
    Third tarsal segment securely or not at all emarginate; on Alnus spp., Salix spp......      Chrysomela

GENUS PHAEDON LATREILLE

Phaedon Latreille, 1829, in Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, 5: 151. Type-species: Chrysomela      carniolica Dufn.
Alitene Gistl, 1857, Vacuna, 2: 530.
Orthosticha Motschulsky, 1860, Schrinck's Reisin Amurl. 2: 196. Type-species: Plagiodera      Bonariense Sahlb.
Emmetrus Motschulsky, 1860, 1.c., 221. Type-species: Chrys. betulae F.
     Small, oval, convex species. Pronotum evenly convex, without lateral sulci. Procoxal cavities open behind, prosternum widened posteriorly as process; 3rd tarsal segment distinctly emarginate and bilobed; claws simple.

Key to the Alabama Species of Phaedon

1. Broadly oval; anterior pronotal margin strongly arcuate caudad, subparallel to posterior      margin..... P. viridis
    Elongate oval; anterior pronotal margin medially straight..... P. purpurea

Phaedon purpurea Linell*

Phaedon purpurea Linell, 1898, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 20: 482.
Phaedon purpurescens Hatch, 1928, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 5: 61.
     Elongate oval, dorsum evenly but not strongly convex. Head, prothorax, scutellum, and venter dark green-black. Anterior pronotal margin medially not strongly arcuate but straight. Elytra dark violet black. Pronotum alutaceous. Tarsal claws of normal size. Length 4.2 mm. Width 2.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from DeKalb¹ County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 18.
     Remarks: This species was collected in DeSoto State Park. It represents a considerable extension of the range of this species, being previously reported from Utah and southern Arizona (56).

Phaedon viridis (Melsheimer) *

Gastrophysa viridis Melsheimer, 1846, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 175.
Phaedon aeruginosus Suffrian, 1858, Stettiner Entomol. Zeitung 19: 395 (var.).
Phaedon microreticulatus Hatch, 1928, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 5:46.
Phaedon dietrichi Hatch, 1928, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 5:46.
Phaedon oklahomensis Hatch, 1931, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 7:103 (var.).
     Broadly oval. Black with very slight cupreous hue. Anterior pronotal margin medially strongly arcuate caudad, paralleling posterior margin. Pronotum finely alutaceous, less shining than elytra. Tarsal claws small. Length 3.2-3.3 mm. Width 2.3-2.5 mm.
     Alabama records: 4 specimens from Fayette¹ and Lee¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 23-24, and overwintering adults November 27.
     Remarks: This species was collected on turnips.

GENUS GASTROPHYSA CHEVROLAT

Gastrophysa Chevrolat, 1857, in DeJean, Cat. Col. 405, 429. Type-species: Chrysomela      polygoni L.
Gastroeidea Hope, 1840, Col. Man. 3: 164.
Gastroidea Gemminger & Harold, 1874, Cat. Col. 11: 3403 (emend.).
     Oblong somewhat convex, metallic beetles. Apical segment of maxillary palpi oval attenuate. Prosternum short, narrow, terminating between anterior coxae. Third tarsal segment bilobed.      One species has been found in Alabama.

Gastrophysa cyanea Melsheimer*

Gastrophysa cyanea Melsheimer, 1847, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 175.
Gastrophysa caesia Rogers, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 38 (var.).
     Oblong oval, convex. Uniformly green or blue metallic. Densely punctate, elytra more coarsely so than head and pronotum. Length 4.4-5.3 mm. Width 2.5-3.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 261 specimens from Colbert¹, Lee¹, Macon¹, and Marengo¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 9-June 11.
     Remarks: Differences in color can possibly be correlated geographically, an hypothesis which may be confirmed by further study. Of a series of 50 specimens from Colbert Co. collected by G. W. Folkerts, 98 percent were blue and 2 percent were green. From several populations from Lee and Macon counties, 49 percent of 76 beetles were blue and and 41 percent green. The majority of specimens were taken from Rumex altissimus. April 9 through June 11 is the seasonal distribution of this new State record.

GENUS CHRYSOMELA LINNAEUS

Chrysomela L., 1758, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 368. Type-species: Chrysomela populi L.
Melasoma Stephens, 1831, Illust. Brit. Entomol., Mandib. 4: 349.
Gymnota Gistl, 1837, Syst. Ins. Col.: 403.
Lina Megerele, 1837, in Dejean, Cat. Col., 402. Type-species: Lina populi L.
Microdera Stephens, 1839, Man. Brit. Col., 307. Type-species: Chrysomela vigintipunctata      Fabricius (subgenus).
Macrolina Motschulsky, 1860, Schrenck's Reisen Amurl. 2: 198. Type-species: 20-punctata F.
Macromela Chûjô, 1958, Taiwan Mus. Quart. Jour. 11 (1-2): 31. Type-species: C. (Macromela)      maculicollis insularis Chûjô. Subgenus.
Strickems Lucas, 1920, Cat. alphabet. gen. subgenera. Col. I: 413.
     Elongate, subconvex, usually maculate species. Apical segment of maxillary palpi oval attenuate. Pronotum with lateral submarginal sulci. Metasternum produced between mesocoxae. Tibiae grooved externally.
     Three species have been found in Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Species of Chrysomela

1. Elytral margins not subparallel, more arcuate; elytra red-yellow with intermediate median     spots short, broad; length of spots much less than 5 times their width..... 2
    Elytral margins subparallel; elytra yellow with 3 median spots elongate, intermediate spot 5     to 6 times as long as width..... C. scripta
2. Breeds on Alnus spp.; elytral maculation black with blue reflections, broadly confluent,      especially subapical spots..... C. interrupta
     Breeds on Salix spp. elytral maculation black without blue reflections, subapical spots fused      by their lateral portions only..... C. knabi

Chrysomela interrupta Fabricius

Chrysomela interrupta Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. I, p. 438.
     Elongate oval. Head, pronotum between lateral sulci, sucal spots, and venter blue, green-black. Elytra red-yellow (red in living specimens) with 2 basal, 3 median, and 2 subapical black spots, basal spots nearly always fused to each other (94 out of 102 examined), middle 3 spots usually fused to each other and also the suture (96 out of 102 examined), and subapical spots always broadly fused to each other and suture. Length 6.0-8.4 mm. Width 3.9-4.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 104 specimens from Baldwin², Chambers³, Clay¹, Lee¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 23-May 24.
     Remarks: The preferred host plants for this species are Alnus spp., upon which it can most easily be collected in the early spring. Loding (75) recorded this as Lina lapponica (Linnaeus). The Chambers County record was cited by Brown (36).

Chrysomela knabi Brown*

Chrysomela interrupta 4-punctata Suffrian, 1858, Entomol. Ztg. Stettin 19: 389.
Lina interrupta quadriguttata Schaeffer, 1928, Canadian Entomol. 60: 43 (not Chrysomela quadriguttata Fabricius, 1781).
Chrysomela knabi Brown, 1956, Canadian Entomol. 88 (supp. 3): 34.
     Elongate oval. Head, pronotum between lateral sulci, sulcal spots, and venter black. Elytra red-yellow (red in living specimens) with 2 basal, 3 medial, and 2 subapical spots black; basal 2 spots usually fused apically; medial 2 separate, and apical 2 usually fused by their lateral portions, the more anterior of these subapical spots confluent with the suture. Length 6.7 mm. Width 3.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 2 specimens from Calhoun¹ and Walker¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 22-June 2.
     Remarks: The preferred host of this species is Salix sp. from which the above specimens were taken. Chrysomela knabi can be distinguished by its host preference and with more difficulty by the lesser degree of fusion of its elytral maculation. Its black spots also lack the bluishness of those of C. interrupta.

Chrysomela scripta Fabricius (Fig. 2)

Chrysomela scripta Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. I., p. 438.
     Elongate. Head, pronotum and venter as in C. interrupta. Elytra with margins more nearly parallel, yellow with sutural stripe, 2 basal, 3 medial, and 2 subapical spots black, spots not confluent and medial ones elongate. Length 6.0-10.0 mm. Width 3.5-5.3 mm.
     Alabama records: 92 specimens from Baldwin¹, Franklin¹, Houston¹, Jefferson¹, Lee¹, Macon¹, Mobile², Monroe¹, Shelby¹, and Wilcox¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 1-September 18.
     Remarks: Salix sp. is this beetle's preferred host. Loding (75) referred to them as Lina scripta (Fabricius).

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Tribe Prasocurini

     Small, vittate species. Procoxal cavities open behind. Apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical or oval, distally attenuate. Third tarsal segment apparently distinctly bilobed; tarsal claws simple, divergent.
     Of the 2 North American genera, only Hydrothassa Thomson has been found in the State.

GENUS HYDROTHASSA THOMSON

Hydrothassa Thomson, 1866, Scand. Col. 8: 279.
Eremosis Gozis, 1882, Rev. d'Ent. 1: 207.
     Elongate, slightly convex, shining black with 4 pale elytral vittae. Basal margin of pronotum without an elevated bead. Elytral sutural stripe black, abruptly widened basally. Maxillary palpi conical, attenuate. Procoxal cavities open behind. Tarsal claws simple.
     One of the four North American species occurs in Alabama.

Hydrothassa vittata (Olivier)

Helodes vittata Olivier, 1807, Entomol. 5: 595.
Helodes trivittata Say, 1826, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5: 289.
Prasocuris varipes LeConte, 1866, Pract. Entomol. 2: 9.
     Elongate. Head and venter black, except proepisterna red-yellow. Pronotum medially black, laterally red-yellow, more widely so apically. Elytra black with red-yellow margins and each with a discal vitta, lateral black vittae not reaching base, interstrial spaces impunctate. Length 4.4 mm. Width 2.0 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Baldwin^2,3 County.
     Seasonal distribution: May 7.
     Remarks: Loding (75) called this beetle Prasocuris vittata (Olivier). We have collected this species in Pennsylvania on Ranuculus sp.

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Tribe Entomoscelini

     Only 1 species, an introduced native to Brazil and Argentina (13), occurs in the State. It is characterized below:

GENUS MICROTHECA STÅL

Microtheca Stål, 1860, Öfu. Vet. Akad. Förh. 17: 464.
     Procoxal cavities closed behind; prosternum broadly widened basally.

Microtheca ochroloma Stål

Microtheca ochroloma Stål, 1860, Öfu. Svenska Vet-Akad. Förh. 17: 464.
     Oval. Head, pronotum, and venter black. Pronotum punctate with large punctures. Elytra brown, margined with yellow, each with 4 punctate striae terminating at apical declivity. Length 4.2-6.0 mm. Width 2.5-2.8 mm.
     Alabama records: Baldwin¹, Lee³, and Mobile¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 4-May 14.
     Remarks: Although Arnett (1) reported that this species feeds on Cruciferae, the large series in the Auburn Entomological Museum from Mobile County was collected by W. T. Seibels on corn (Zea mais). The single Baldwin County record was taken by C. R. Patrick. F. E. Guyton (personal communication) collected this species in Lee County, but it is not certain that the species is established there.