Genus Chlamisus Rafinesque
Genus Exema Lacordaire

Genus Chlamisus Rafinesque

Chlamisus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat. Tab. l'Univ.: 116.
Chlamys Knoch, 1801, Neue Beytr. Insektenk. 1: 122 (not Röding in Bolten, 1798).
Arthrochlamys Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. paulista 6: 642.
Boloschesis Jacobson, 1924, Rev. russe Entomol. 18: 239.
Myochlamys Ihering, 1904, An. Mus. Buenos Aires (3)7: 106.
     Robust. Metallic coppery or bronzish; roughly sculptured, with depressions, carinae, or tubercles.
     Four species are recorded from Alabama. Brown (33, 35) indicated that food plant associations are very useful in making identifications.

1. Legs, antennae, clypeus, and frons not completely orange–either partly or entirely black..... 2
    Legs, antennae, clypeus, and frons completely orange..... C. foveolatus
2. Pronotum highly metallic iridescent; strongly, regularly strigose; larger species (length 3.3-5.3      mm.)..... 3
    Pronotum dull or shining, but not strongly regularly strigose; larger species (length 2.8-3.2      mm.)..... C. tuberculatus
3. Prosternal plate laterally emarginate–goblet shaped; host blackberry (Rubus sp.)..... C.       plicatus
     Prosternal plate feebly emarginate laterally–subtriangular; host–blackberry (Vaccinium       sp.)..... C. cribripennis

Chlamisus tuberculatus (Klug)

Clamys tuberculatus Klug, 1824, Entomol. Mono. p. 122.
     Robust. Head black, labrum, antennae, maxillary palpi yellow-red; strongly alutaceous, punctate with large punctures; deep fovea on vertex between eyes. Pronotum with gibbosity bituberculate at peak, tubercle on lateral sides of gibbosities, paired tubercles laterad of the above, and paired tubercles on frontal surface of gibbosities; black, shining, moderately strigate-rugose, punctate with large punctures. Elytra dull, alutaceous, black, punctate, tuberculate, discal tubercles connecting with lateral ones by curving ridge, more shining and slightly dark cupreous. Scutellum shining black; posterior corners more elevated. Prosternum rugose, triangular. Pygidium with fine, distinct longitudinal median carina; surface strongly alutaceous to finely rugose; with calosities and moderately large punctures. Venter with very large punctures. Legs black, tarsi yellowish red, tibiae apically faintly reddish. Length 3.0 mm. Width 2.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 1 specimen from Etowah² County.
     Seasonal distribution: June 3-8.
     Remarks: This single specimen was unidentified in Loding's collection. Loding caught it at Tumblin Gap. It is apparently intermediate between C. tuberculatus (Klug), described from Savannah, Georgia, and C. quadrilobatus Schaeffer, described from Texas. We have assigned it to C. tuberculatus.

Clythra plicata Fabricius, 1798, Supp. Entomol. Sys. p. 111.
     Subglobose, very robust; rusty metallic to blue-black, occasionally bronze-green metallic. Head alutaceous, sparsely punctate; emarginations of eyes yellow. Pronotum bituberculate, strongly strigosely sculptured, shining metallic. Scutellum alutaceous, truncate posteriorly, narrowing anteriorly, anterior margin with medial denticle projecting into pronotum. Elytra strongly tuberculate, dull, alutaceous; often partly or entirely blue-black. Venter of same color as dorsum; with numerous pock mark depressions. Prosternum goblet shaped. Pygidium alutaceous, with sparse large punctures, and median carina, varying from non-vermicualte to slightly vermiculate along carina. Length 3.3-5.3 mm. Width 2.3-4.2 mm.
     Alabama records: 88 specimens from Baldwin¹, Choctaw¹, Elmore¹, Escambia¹, Houston¹, Lee¹, Macon¹, Marion¹, Mobile², and Talladega¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 17-October 28.
     Remarks: The preferred host for this species is blackberry, Rubus sp. Several larvae were collected from this plant and reared to the adult stage. Loding's specimens were misidentified as Chlamys foveolata Knoch.

Chlamys cribripennis LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 17: 614.
     Robust, coppery red. Head strongly alutaceous, finely punctate; antennae and emarginations of eyes yellow; clypeus slightly emarginate. Pronotum with gibbosity feebly divided; strigosely punctate on tubercles, rugose along sides. Elytra with tubercles, the juxtascutellar less strongly evident. Prosternal margins sinuate, thus somewhat goblet shaped. Pygidium with large alutaceous punctures; inter-punctule spaces smoother, shining. Length 3.3-3.9 mm. Width 2.5-3.0 mm.
     Alabama records: Macon¹, Mobile^1,2,3, and Winston¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 28-June 3.
     Remarks: These records extend the known distribution of this species for a considerable distance. The species was previously recorded from Michigan, Ontario, and Quebec (33).
     Brown (33) recorded its food plant as Vaccinium angustifolium. One Alabama specimen was collected on a species of blueberry, Vaccinium sp., in Tuskegee National Forest.
     The prosternum appears to differ from the northern forms in being more deeply emarginate, thus goblet shaped.

Chlamys foveolata Knoch, 1801, Neue Beyträge zur Insect. I., p. 130.
Chlamys affinis Klug, 1824, Entomol. Mono. p. 115
Chlamys assimilis Klug, 1824, Entomol. Mono. p. 239
Chlamys polycocca Lacordaire, 1848, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 5: 704.
     Oblong. Head with occiput and vertex black, alutaceous, labrum orange, smooth; antennae orange, its anterior surface alutaceous; eyes emarginate. Pronotum black, rugose. Elytra black, tubercles with acute ridges running from one another. Venter black; legs completely orange. Pygidium alutaceous, strongly punctate, with 1 strong mesal and 2 lesser lateral carinae. Prosternum broad between mesocoxae. Length 2.8-3.2 mm. Width 1.8-1.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 2 specimens from Mobile² and Winston¹ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: March 3-June 27.
     Remarks: Even though Loding (75) recorded the Alabama distribution of this species as "over state," it is possible that he was misidentifying the species. The specimens labeled C. foveolatus in his collection were C. plicatus (Fabricius). It is possible that the labels were mixed after he identified the beetles, since this part of his collection was in great disarray.

Genus Exema Lacordaire

Exema Lacordaire, 1848, Mon. Phytoph. 2: 634, 844 (Part.).
     Subquadrate or subpentagonal. Moderately small species (2.1-3.5 mm.). Black to dark brown, usually marked with yellow on head, pronotum, elytra and legs; sometimes coppery metallic.
     Six species are recorded from Alabama.

Key to the Alabama Species of Exema

1. Tarsal claws simple; cuticle all or in part black, not or only slightly metallic; pronotum at      least in part rugose or striopunctate, tip of aedeagus rounded or slightly flanged..... 2
    Tarsal claws toothed; cuticle yellow, marked with black, or metallic; pronotum punctate; tip      of aedeagus round, truncate or highly flanged..... 5
2. Frons in emargination of eye yellow; face of male mostly yellow; frontal slope of male      pronotum always yellow; pronotum in part striopunctate..... 3
     Frons in emargination of eye black; face of male black with a yellow pattern; frontal slope of      male pronotum black or with reduced yellow markings; entire pronotum highly rugose or      striopunctate..... E. canadensis
3. Nontubercular surface of pronotum not rough, striopunctate throughout, punctures oval to      elliptical..... 4
    Nontubercular surface of pronotum rough, coarsely punctate anteriorly, punctures round and      deep, especially on yellow areas of male; punctures elongate posteriorly..... E. neglecta
4. Cuticle slightly metallic; pronotal punctures elliptical, tubercles numerous, large; gibbosity      high, flat in dorsal outline..... E. elliptica
     Cuticle dull or shiny black; pronotal punctures oval to elliptical, tubercles sparse, small;      gibbosity evenly rounded..... E. byersi
5. Cuticle coppery but yellow and black; tip of aedeagus truncate or rounded, with lateral and      ventral hairs only; male with front and middletibial spines; female with small auxiliary      sclerites, sometimes inconspicuous..... E. dispar
    Cuticle coppery to dark brown or black with coppery reflections; tip of aedeagus greatly      flanged laterally and truncate with dorsal, transverse row of long hairs; males with front tibial      spine only; female with large auxiliary sclerites..... E. gibber

Clytra gibber Fabricius, 1798, Supp. Entomol. Syst. p. 112.
Chlamys nodulosa Blatchley, 1913, Canadian Entomol. 45: 22.
     Oblong. Dark brown-bronze. Antennae with scape pale; remaining segments becoming darker at apex; yellow smooth spot on frons between eyes; yellow triangle between antennae above clypeus. Males with spinulae on 1st and 5th abdominal sterna. No spine on apex of middle tibia. More punctate and tuberculate than other Exema species but pronotum without striae or sugose lines. Length 2.8-3.2 mm. Width 1.9-2.1 mm.
     Alabama records: 5 specimens from Mobile^2,3 County.
     Seasonal distribution: March 29-April 10
     Remarks: Karren (65) gives hosts as Quercus sp., Myrica cerifera, Crataegus, Carya illinoesis, and Lichi chinensis. Dekle as cited by Karren (65) also lists Baccharis halimifolia, Rubus sp., and Salix sp.

Exema canadensis Pierce

Exema dispar canadensis Pierce, 1940, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 10.
Exema canadensis Pierce, Brown, 1943, Canadian Entomol. 75: 124.
     Oblong. Shiny black with yellow or yellow-black markings. Antennal scape yellow, flagellum becoming dark brown at apex; face with longitudinal yellow bar next to each eye and transversely connected to central yellow spot which merges with triangular frontal spot covering carinal area. Pronotum highly rugose, with long, slender punctures. Male foveal area with numerous and large recurved hairs. Length 2.5-2.8 mm. Width 1.8-1.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 16 specimens from Coffee, Etowah, Lee, Limestone, Macon, Madison, and Mobile counties.
     Seasonal distribution: April 10-July 23.
     Remarks: Karren (65) listed the following hosts: Solidago altissima, S. neglecta, Corylus sp., Sambucus canadensis, blossoms of Prunus virginiana, Ulmus sp., Ambrosia sp., Verononia sp., Salix sp., Betula sp., Fragaria sp., Cornus sp., Haploppapus phyllocephalus, Erigeron quercifolius, and Rubus sp.

Exema neglecta Blatchley

Exema neglecta Blatchley, 1920, Canadian Entomol. 52: 69.
     Oblong. Black except yellow on entire frons, anterior half of pronotum, spot on anterior coxa, entire anterior femur, subapical and subbasal rings on middle tibia and middle femur; tarsomeres brown-yellow. Anterior pronotal yellow area spotted irregularly with black and black punctures. Highly punctate. Posterior lateral slopes of pronotum with rugose lines, punctures large and distinct. Claws simple. Length 2.5-2.8 mm. Width 1.8-1.9 mm.
     Alabama records: 4 specimens from Baldwin¹, Lee¹, and Mobile² counties.
     Seasonal distribution: June 24-July 10.
     Remarks: Exema canadensis Pierce is more common in Alabama and is possibly conspecific with E. neglecta. Karren (65) indicates that the genitalia of the 2 species are "quite similar." Host plants include Baccharis halimifolia, Chondrophora virgata, Eupatorium sp., Arundinaria sp., Solidago sp., and Strophostyles helvola.

Exema byersi Karren

Exema byersi Karren, 1966, Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 46: 670.
     Oblong. Black with yellow or yellow-brown markings. Antennae and labrum yellow-brown, mouth parts darker; head entirely yellow, except genae black, clypeus and antennal sockets brown, and punctures on vertex and front black. Frontal slope of pronotum yellow. Front femur and all tibiae with subbasal and subapical yellow rings, middle femur with wide subbasal ring, hind femur black. Length 2.6 mm. Width 1.7 mm.
     Alabama records: Mobile² County
     Seasonal distribution: March 15-June.
     Remarks: Hosts include Echinacea angustifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvania, Asclepias tuberosa, and Gutierrezia dracunculoides.

Exema elliptica Karren

Exema elliptica Karren, 1966, Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 46: 672.
     Shiny black to slightly metallic, except for yellow or yellow-brown markings. Antennae yellow, mouth parts light brown, labrum shiny; face yellow except for light brown antennal bases, genae and basal clypeus; black spot or patch of black punctures on vertex. Frontal slope of pronotum with yellow band 1/2 width of head including eyes. Pronotal gibbosity high, appears flat from lateral aspect, with large, rounded tubercles and carinae; pronotum deeply striopunctate on flanks giving highly rugose effect. Length 2.8-3.1 mm. Width 1.8-2.1 mm.
     Alabama records: No specimens have thus far been collected in Alabama; however, the species has been taken in Florida, Georgia, and Texas and it probably occurs in Alabama.
     Remarks: Karren (65) indicates that this species is very closely related to E. neglecta, E. elliptica, and E. byersi, differing from these species in its strikingly elevated pronotum and its distribution. The host plants of E. elliptica include Iva fructescens and Baccharis halimifolia.

Exema dispar Lacordaire

Exema dispar Lacordaire, 1848, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 5: 850.
Exema pennsylvanica Pierce, 1940, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 18.
     Black variegated with spots of yellow on most of body and with large yellow areas on head and anterior slope of the pronotum. Last tarsomere short, only about 1/3 longer than 3rd. Length 2.3-2.4 mm. Width 1.55-1.6 mm.
     Alabama records: 13 specimens from Clay¹, DeKalb¹, Franklin¹, Jefferson¹, Macon¹, Marshall¹, and Mobile³ counties.
     Seasonal distribution: May 3-September 18.
     Remarks: The Mobile County record was noted by Karren (65). Host plants include several genera of composites such as Ambrosia, Helianthus, and Eupatorium. The authors labeled their study material E. pennsylvanica Pierce, which Karren (44) placed in synonomy.